Методичний посібник До практичних занять З англійської мови професійного спрямування Для студентів II курсу спеціальності “Агрономія”

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ УКРАЇНИ

ЧЕРНІГІВСЬКИЙ ДЕРЖАВНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ ЕКОНОМІКИ ТА УПРАВЛІННЯ

 

Кафедра іноземних мов

Методичний посібник

До практичних занять

З англійської мови професійного спрямування

Для студентів II курсу

спеціальності “Агрономія”

(електронний варіант)

 

Укладачі:

Лашук Н.М.

Ніколаєнко О.В.

Ушата Т.О.

Чернігів, 2011

Методичний посібник призначений для студентів II курсу спеціальності «Агрономія». Посібник охоплює збалансоване висвітлення тем, що корелюють з… Посібник складається з 8 уроків, кожен з яких включає оригінальний текст з…

Content

1. Agricultural land use 4

2. Agricultural systems 6

3. Development of agriculture 9

4. Agricultural change 13

5. Plantation agriculture 15

6. Plants for the future 18

7. Chemicals in our food – two sides of an argument 22

8. China tries organic farming for a change 24

For self-studying

II. Texts 34 Insects and Insecticides 34

Scan the text and formulate the main ideas. Read the text again carefully and memorize it, then retell the text close to the original.

Unit 1.

AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

Factors involved in land use.The way in which people use their land and organize their agricultural activities varies greatly. Physical, economic and human factors all exert an influence uponagriculture, although the importance of each varies from place to place. These factors are also interrelated.

At the global scale the distribution of agriculture is most influenced by climate. Large parts of the planet are unsuitable for farming because they are either too cold or too dry. All crops have minimumrequirements for heat. Growth usually begins when the dailyair temperature rises above 6°C. Moreover, temperatures have tobe above this critical level for at least 120 days. As you go nearer to thepoles, temperatures fall and the growing season shorten, until cultivationis impossible. This is the main reason why cultivation rarely extends beyond latitude 60° in the northern hemisphere. Crops also have minimum moisture requirements. The world's hot deserts, such as the Saharan, Arabian and Australian deserts, are too dry for cultivation unless water is availablefor irrigation. High mountains such as the Himalayas and Andessupport few farming activities. As well as severe climates they also have steep slopes and thin soils.

In the more developed countries of the world, where scientific knowledge is applied to farming, economic and human factors tend to play a particularly important role. Physical problems can, to some extent, be overcome. In Holland, for example, a lot of the present farming land has in fact been reclaimed from beneath the sea. In Australia, water from the Snowy river has been diverted to irrigate land in the southeastern Australia, so making it possible to increase crop fields there. In Canada and the USA scientific plant rearing has made it possible to extend the cultivation of wheat into areas which were previously thought to have been too dry or too cold.

Vocabulary

the Earth’s surface – поверхня Землі interrelated – взаємопов’язані unsuitable – непридатна

A) agriculture

B) pollution

C) crop

D) irrigation

E) cultivation

F) requirement

  1) the planting, tending, improving, or harvesting of crops or plants 2) the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of…

Write a clear well-structured description of vegetable farm or poultry farm from variety of information sources. Give detailed information about the farm’s history, its annual yields, machinery fleet and human resources used on it, and about its profits.

 

Unit 2.

Agricultural systems

Farmers practice different kinds of subsistence farming, based upon their needs and locations. Farmers in the densely populated river alleys of… Commercial farming differs in many ways from subsistence farming. Commercial… Most commercial farmers practice specialized farming, raisinga single cash crop or kind of animal for income.…

Vocabulary

Self-sufficient – самодостатній Subsistence agriculture – натуральне господарство, що виробляє товари для… Intensive subsistence farming - бідне, малоприбуткове господарство

Which form fits where?

Reduce, reduced, reduction

The aim of the liquid manure recycling system is profitable electrical power generation plus the … of residue volume.

Benefit from the … investment costs and permanently more efficient process controls of Farmer Automatic.

The aim of any farmer is to … production costs.

Compare, comparable

To this end manure is first dried and converted into a high-grade fuel with a … calorific value to lignite.

The farmers have an opportunity to … these two systems.

Save, safety

With Farmer Automatic Complete Liquid Manure Recycling System you don’t just … money, you make it!

The Farmer Automatic guarantees your process … via controls and sensor monitoring of all important parameters.

Adjusts, adjustable

The Farmer Automatic Power System automatically … to the type of fuel, which is automatically brought into the system for gasification. 3. Use the correct verb form. In Great Britain farmers (apply) fertilizers in spring. Fertilizers (apply) early in spring. Sheep (breed) mainly for…

FOCUS ON WORD FORMATION

  6. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the…

Natural disasters: Famine and flood

If a country has no rain for a long time, this dry period is called a ____ . In countries dependent on their agriculture, this can lead to a period of ____, when there is not enough food and people actually ____ (die of hunger). They die of _____ . When it rains very heavily and the land is under water, this is called a ____ . Sometimes _____ have to _______ food supplies to people in areas which are ______ .

 

Can you re-group the following words according to families of meaning?

Rabbit, wheat, sheep, tomato, hen, cow, cucumber, cabbage, rye, chicken, pig, barley, millet, turkey, sorghum, carrot, oat, potato, goose, horse,… 8. Use the correct verb form. Productivity in agriculture constantly (grow). The United States (play) a major role in modernization of agriculture.…

Unit 3.

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

· the green revolution · agribusiness · crops for the future

Vocabulary

Nomadic – кочовий Domesticate - приручати "Miracle seeds” – чудо-насіння

Catfish – сом

Salmon - лосось Oysters and shellfish – устриці та молюски Foresee - передбачити

Complete the following text using the given words below: stems, wheats, cereals, legumes, roots, protein

The Clovers

6. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations in English: green revolution, genetic engineering, nomadic way of life, aquaculture,… 7. Use: a) the correct verb:

Garden Tools

We (use)shovelsto dig, mix and lift soil. Hoe(be necessary) to break up crusted soil and to dig up weeds. Rakes(use) for various purposes, such as working around shrubs, raking leaves, and cleaning up grass cuttings.

Unit 4.

AGRICULTURAL CHANGE

In the economically developed world, recent agricultural change has most often been due to government policies. In the 1970s and 1980s the European… The EU has made great efforts to reduce the output of farming. Indirectly this… Since 1992 the level of price support per tone for crops has been reduced. Gradually price support is being replaced…

Vocabulary

Urgent need – нагальна потреба High-tech solutions – високо технологічні рішення A low-tech approach – низько технологічний підхід

Grassland - пасовище

damage the environment – наносити шкоду навколишньому середовищу

expand production – розширювати виробництво

Answer the following questions.

1. What were the consequences of the overproduction of food?

2. What made the EU farmers reduce the output of farming? How did they do this?

3. Why is organic farming attractive for farmers, customers and governments?

Translation. Render it in Ukrainian.

2. Commercial farmers raise crops or livestock for income. Most commercial farms are specialized, growing a single cash crop. A smaller but growing… 3. Several types of subsistence agriculture are practiced in the… 4. Several scientific and farming techniques to increase the world's food supply are currently being explored.

Vocabulary Review

1. India changed its _______ by deciding to develop farming before industry. 2. The new ________ made it possible for farmers to grow more crops per… 3. A great deal of ________is needed to get the best results from the new seeds.

Unit 5.

Plantation agriculture is an extensive system of agriculture, in the sense that very large amounts of land are involved. Plantation agriculture is… Plantations (sometimes called estates) are very big farms which usually grow… A lot of paid workers are employed. On very large plantations housing is often provided for the workers, and there are…

Vocabulary

indigenous – природній, властивий herbicides – гербіциди peasant farms - /рeznt/ сільська ферма

Fill in the missing words in the table

A)plantation B)herbicide C)to carry out

Use the correct verb form.

7. Skim the text and make up a summary.

Diseases of Carrots in Relation to Diseases of Other Crops

From the standpoint of disease control, small grains, grasses, corn, alfalfa, and sweet clover are the most desirable crops for rotation with… Infected carrots are one of the chief sources of the serious aster yellow…  

Unit 6.

The world is entering the age of biotechnology, where scientists can alter the genes that carry the biological codes controlling heredity in living… Biotechnology at work. In a matter of weeks scientists can grow the plants… Another research group has created several healthy snack foods. These biotechnologically developed snacks include…

Vocabulary

resistance to disease – опір хворобі ventures – ризикований захід, нововведення amaranth – щириця, амарант

The chemical element of atomic number 7, a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78 per cent of the earth's atmosphere.

2)the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of micro-organisms

for the production of antibiotics, hormones.

A simple meal that is quick to cook and to eat.

4)the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

5)the part of a cell in a living thing which controls its physical characteristics, growth, and development.

To make or become better in quality.

3. Translate the following words and phrases into English: змінювати гени, спадковість, виводити рослини з необхідними характеристиками, опір… 4. Use the correct verb form. Plants (classify) according to their total length of life. We shall (use) a combination of criteria – some genetic,…

Answer the questions about given fruits and vegetables given below: banana, onion, lettuce, apple, carrot, pea, tomato, celery

What fruits and vegetables are round? Which of them has strong odour when cut open? What is white and what is orange in color? What fruit or… What fruits and vegetables are not round? What of them are green in color?… 6. Use the correct verb.

FOCUS ON WORD FORMATION

7. Complete the table:

noun	adjective	verb	adverb
application	acceptible     herbaceous hereditable	till   increase prepare	respectively

Discussion

2. What are some of the advantages of GM foods? · pest resistance · herbicide tolerance

Unit 7.

Much of the food that leaves a farmer's field undergoes several processing steps before it reaches our tables. Grain is ground into flour or meal,… In the past, most - if not all - food additives came from nature. Today,… Some people say we should be just as concerned with the effects these manufactured additives have on our bodies as we…

Vocabulary

Ground – перемелений Flour – мука Pepper – перець

According to the text are the following statements true or false?

2. Chemicals cannot make any harm to our bodies. 3. Every living and non-living thing is made up of chemicals or combinations… 4. Food additives are vitamins and minerals.

Vocabulary

Invisible threat –невидима загроза Haphazard – випадковий, безсистемний Poisonous residues – отруйний осад, залишок

A) residue

B) logo

C) encourage

D) poisonous

E) repel

2) drive or force (an attack or attacker) back or away 3) a symbol or other small design adopted by an organization to identify its… 4) to do or continue to do something by giving support and advice

Use the correct verb form.

Use the correct preposition: on, by, over, in, of, from, to

Changes in livestock farming of Great Britain

The intensive methods used to rear pigs and poultry are so different …_____traditional farming practices. ______ both poultry and pig units,…

Find the missing words to fill the gaps in these sentences: crops, cows, harvest, labor force, picked up, pesticides, meadows.

7. Make nouns ending “er” or “or” from these verbs:work, fertilize, visit, drive, clean, act, operate, manage, employ, speak, milk, garden, plant,… 8. Translate the following noun + noun combinations. Land shares, livestock inventories, fertilizer use, grain production, key production zone, oilseed crop, soil…

For self-studying

I. TESTS. PLANTS.

I. Put each of the following words and phrases in its correct place in the passage below.

bacteria breeds cheese forests

fungi grasses plant kingdom plants

rocks scientists seed-bearing shrubs

species stems varieties world

Kinds of Plants

The simplest plants found in the 6.______ are one-celled 7.______and algae, and 8. ._______. that are like the moulds often seen growing on bread… The next group of relatively simple 10.________includes the mosses and lichens… II. PLANTS. Choose the right answer.

The Appearance of Plants

Some plants flourish in 8.______ climates, while others live equally successfully on 9._______ and ice. Some carry out their life processes in total… A whole 12_______known as ecology has grown up to help us understand the… TREES. Give the Ukrainian name of the following trees 1. ash ______________ 2. aspen ____________ 3.…

Herbs

Herb is a low-growing plant that has a _______ or juicy stem when it is young. The word herb

comes from Latin word herba, meaning "grass" or "_____".Some herbs are used in cooking. Although they have little food _____ they make food tasty and full of ________ .Other herbs give ________to perfumes. Others still are used for _________.

Herbs are frequently ______ as annuals,_______, and perennials. An annual goes through its ________from seed to ________in a year. A biennial requires two ________to complete the cycle. A ________ may live many seasons, producing seeds ________ after year once the plant has become _________.

PLANTS. Choose the word that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the capitalized word or phrase.

1. The walnut is a deciduous tree that BEARS valuable nuts.

a) enriches

b) hides

c) replaces

d) yields

2. The orchid is an EXOTIC plant to see blooming in many European gardens

a) a beautiful

b) a colourful

c) a common

d) an unusual

3. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on how it is PRUNED.

a) nourished

b) planted

c) trimmed

d) watered

4. The flowers will WITHER in a few hours.

a) bloom

b) dry up

c) open

d) revive

2. The needle-like leaves of the giant redwood tree are MINISCULE, each scarcely a quarter of an inch long.

a) pretty

b) thorny

c) tiny

d) wiry

3. Leeks are CULTIVATED throughout much of the world.

a) cooked

b) dried

c) grown

d) seen

4. The principal areas inhabited by marine algae are rocky SHORES, salt marshes, and shallow water.

a) cliffs

b) coasts

c) pools

d) rivers

e) Soot STICKS TO anything it touches.

a) blackens

b) clings to

c) points to

d) streaks

9. The flower is the MOST ATTRACTIVE, most colourful and most fragrant part of many plants.

a) prettiest

b) rarest

c) softest

d) strongest

10. Roses are POPULAR flowers in Polish gardens.

a) accustomed

b) favourite

c) ordinary

d) vulgar

II. Scan texts and formulate the main ideas. Read texts again carefully and memorize them, then retell the texts close to the original.

INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES

Insects differ greatly in their habits and life history, that is why methods of control may differ greatly not only with regard to individual… Insects that live mostly in the ground and injure the roots of plants must be… Insects attacking the cereal crops cannot be treated in the same way as those attacking the fruit and leaves of garden…

Notes

insect— комаха

insecticide— засіб від комах

vulnerable — вразливий

foliage — листя

remedial — лікувальний

suffocation — задушения

Care of Sow and Pigs

Age to Wean Pigs

The sows should be removed from the pigs at weaning time rather than removing the pigs from their familiar feeding grounds. Unless self-fed,… Udder troubles may develop if the sows are over-fed at weaning time. It is a… Trouble often results if the breeder attempts to wean a few of the pigs at a time, because the milk flow continues and…

Water

Hogs will not thrive without sufficient water, and gains are more costly when it is not supplied abundantly. Clean drinking water, which is not contaminated by surface drainage, is important in the prevention of disease and parasites. Selfwatering devices that furnish a continuous supply have proved satisfactory. If troughs are used, they should be constructed so as to keep the pigs from lying m them.

Good Pasture

Pasture

A good pasture has the following effect:

1) It lessens the amount of high-priced protein feed needed in the grain ration.

2) It increases health and vigour of the swine.

3) When properly rotated, it aids in sanitation and roundworm prevention.

4) It helps to maintain soil fertility.

Protein Requirements

The feeds commonly used for swine may be roughly divided into two classes: fattening feeds, such as corn, barley and rye that are rich in carbohydrates or fattening nutriment, but which do not carry a sufficient proportion of protein to meet swine needs; and growing feeds, rich in protein. Adding suitable protein feed to the fattening feeds reduces the amount of feed required per unit of gain and improves the thrift and vigour of the animals.

Sanitation

Hogs are frequently forced to live in small, crowded, filthy quarters which are contaminated with disease-producing organisms. It is much more… The buildings and exercise lots should be located on a clean, dry slope if… Muddy hog wallows are unnecessary and should not be maintained except as an emergency in extremely hot weather. They…

Location

The buildings and equipment should be located on ground having good natural drainage. A building on a southern slope with a natural windbreak behind it and a sunny exposure throughout the day is most satisfactory. The hog lots should be as near pasture as possible. All of the equipment should be far enough from the house so that odours will not reach the house.

Note

sow— свиня

litter— виводок

sour— кислий

udder— вим'я

moldy— застарілий, непридатний

to thrive (throve, thriven)— досягати ycnixie

succulent— соковитий

forage — фураж, корм

troughs – годівниці

 

Grains and Grain By-Products

Minerals.To build a sound and healthy skeleton and body, ade­quate amounts of minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, are required. A lack of… Vitamins.Luckily the cattle feeder is relatively free of vitamin troubles in… Salt.Common salt is required by animals and should be provided either in the feed mixture or be available to the calf…

Notes

bran – висівки

middlings – другосортний товар

palatable – смачний

disastrous – згубний

deformity – потворність

unthrifty – неощадливий

listless – млявий

chill – простуда

Wheat

Most widely used selected varieties of winter wheat(Ukrainka, Stavropolska, etc.) surpass the best American varieties.

The largest winter wheat producing areas are the southern regions of Ukraine, where the winters are mild. At one time these regions constituted 70 percent of the total wheat producing area. Nowadays the cultivation of winter wheat is spreading to the North.

Factors which will almost double wheat yields in our country are as follows: 1. The fertility of the soil. 2. The rotation of crops. 3. Barnyard manures. 4. Chemical fertilizers. 5. Early ploughing. 6. The time of sowing. 7. Plump and heavy grains for seed. 8. Proper rate of seeding. 9. Prolific and adaptable strains. 10. Combating of diseases and insects.

Early ploughing is an important factor in securing more wheat per hectare. Wheat yields greatly depend on the time of seeding in a given region or district. An early prepared soil conserves the soil moisture much better than a soil that is prepared late. The grain and straw yield is almost in direct proportion to the amount of available moisture present at seeding time. A few suggestions may be made: 1) As throughout the wheat belt the amount of moisture at seeding time is often very limited the soil should be prepared in such a way that a maximum of the rainfall may be conserved. 2) Any seed bed containing a fair amount of available moisture will produce such a stand of wheat that the dangers from winter killing are minimized. 3) Later sowing may be employed when plenty of soil moisture is present, and thereby the Hessian fly may be almost wholly, if not entirely, avoided. Wheat demands a mellow, well prepared, compact seed bed. Thoroughly disking the soil before ploughing insures a uniform, mellow seed bed and is recommended as good farm practice. Late ploughing should not exceed under ordinary conditions 18— 20 cm. The soil for wheat should be thoroughly disked to insure a uniform mellow seed bed.

The rate of seeding wheat is a very complicated problem. One must take into consideration climate and soil conditions, the tilling of the soil, the time of seeding wheat, the quality of seed, the method of seeding, etc.

About 4 million of winter wheat seed are to be sown per hectare in arid steppe-land region, 5 million in black soil regions and 6 million in other regions.

Barnyard manures aid in increasing wheat yields. Black soil should be manured at the rate of 18—20 ton per hectare, the soil of the northern regions at the rate of 30—35 ton per hectare. Fertilizers should be applied as well.

Combating the enemies of wheat is a large and important factor in its production. There are two classes of enemies of wheat, fungi and insects. Of the fungous diseases there are three that are important, namely, the loose smut, the stinking smut and the rust.

Notes

to surpass –перевершувати

manure –гній, добриво

plump –повний

thereby –таким чином; за допомогою

fly – муха

mellow –стиглий

to till –обробляти землю

smut –сажа; бруд

 

Vegetable Gardening

The right and the wrong way of cultivating corn Some garden suggestions: 1. Do not make small beds or patches in the garden.

Notes

wholesome – здоровий, корисний

to germinate – проростати

parsnip – пастернак

apart – на віддалі

edge – край

Potato Growing

In most years, rainfall in southern regions is sufficient for the production of the early and main crops. In nearly all areas the fall crop would be… Soil.The choice of soil for potato growing is very important because soil… Time of Planting.The time of planting depends upon the prevailing climatic conditions. Experiments conducted by many…

Notes

mean— середтй

ample — достатшй

gravel — гравш

hale — глинистый сланець

loam — грунт (родючий)

to puddle— трамбувати

peat— торф

muck— гній

protracted— тривалий, довгий

drought— посуха

shallow— неглибокий

objective— мета

to aerate— провітрювати

ridge— гребінь гори

harrow— борона

to sprout— пускати пагони; рости

hoe— сапа; мотига

to hill— окучувати

bruise [bru:z]— синець

vine [vain]— повзуча рослина

shrink— пересихати

to cause [ko:z] — спричиняти, викликати

decay [di'kei] — розпад; гниття

friable —крихкий, рихлий

Insect Enemies of Potatoes

Wireworms.Wireworms are the most destructive insect pests of potatoes. These hard, shiny, yellow worms bore into the potato tubers and into seed… Almost their entire life of several years is spent beneath the surface of the… Intel-mountain Potato Leafhoppers. Adult intermountain potato leafhoppers are slender, wedge-shaped, pale green…

Notes

moth -метелик

flea [fli:] —блоха

beetle [bi:tl] —жук

grub —личинка

bore [bo:] —бурити

click —клацання

wedge— клин

wingless— безкрилий

speckle [spekl]— пляма

larvae [la:vi:] —личинки

burrow— нора

tuber flea beetle – жук-блошка клубнева

 

Diseases of Potatoes

Potato diseases can be divided into three groups based on cause: I) those produced by viruses, 2) those of a parasitic nature caused by bacteria and fungi, and 3) those produced by adverse environmental conditions.

Virus Diseases

The following virus diseases of potatoes are recognized: 1) mild mosaic, 2) crinkle mosaic, 3) rugose mosaic, 4) leaf roll, 5) witch's broom, 6)… Mild Mosaic. Mild mosaic is characterized by a mottling in the leaves of… Crinkle Mosaic. Even for the initiated it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between crinkle and mild mosaic. The…

Notes

virus [vaisres] — віpyc

fungus — грибок

to propagate — розмножуватися

rugose— зморшкуватий

calico — коленкор

dwarf— низькорослий; карлик

medium— засіб, спосіб

crinkle– складка

 

Fruits and Berries

Pollination.Most small fruits are self-fertile, and single varieties may be planted in the garden. In most gardens, however, two or more varieties… Strawberries.Use only strong, deep-rooted plants from last year's runners for… Raspberries.Nursery stock is desirable, because patches are nearly always diseased or infested with injurious insects.

Notes

strawberry —суниці; полуниці

currant –смородина; порічки

gooseberry –агрус

raspberry –малина

capricious –капризний

adjoining –що прилягає; сусідний

to withstand –вистояти, протистояти

abuse –образа; зловживання

to caution— застерігати

injurious –шкідливий

pollination –запилення

Advantages of Red Clover

Causes of Red Clover Failures.The following are the main causes of red clover failures. Seeding upon an improperly prepared seed bed is one of the…

White Clover

White clover should be found in every pasture for three reasons: 1) It is a legume and therefore balances a blue-grass feed. 2) It is a legume, and…

Sweet Clover

1) It will grow in almost any type of soil. 2) It produces a lot of excellent feed—more than can be produced by some of the other crops. 3) Sweet…

Notes

clover -конюшина

cereals -хлібні злаки

fibrous -волокнистий

hollow -пустий, порожній

oblong -довгастий

corn -кукурудза

oats -овес

hence[hens] - отже

crimson [krimzn] -малиновий колір

perennial -багаторічна рослина

limestone[laimstoun] - вапняк

to trail [treil] -тягти(ся), звисати

to perpetuate -увічнювати

noxious -шкідливий

biennial- дворічна рослина

Alfalfa

Factors Aiding Increased Yields of Alfalfa. The Soil.The kind of soil upon which alfalfa is grown is the first essential to successful alfalfa… Alfalfa is sensitive to an acid or sour soil and will not grow in such a soil… A Good Seed Bed.Seed bed preparation is an important factor in alfalfa production. The seed bed should be mellow but…

Notes

alfalfa— люцерна

penetrating — проникливий, гострий

depth — глибина

to rest— давати спочинок

timothy — тимофіївка (кормова трава)

arid— сухий, посушливий

stratum ['streitam] — пласт, шар

to excel — переважати

to comprise — охоплювати, мicmumu

pervious— який пропускав (вологу)

to inoculate — робити щеплення

harrow — борона

manure— гній, добриво

 

 

Література

1. Миштал Мариуш. Тематические тесты по английскому языку: [Пособие]. – К.: Знання, 2004. – 352 с. – Англ., рус.

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