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Topical Vocabulary

Topical Vocabulary - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА 1.remember The Following Words And Word Combinations: To Dat...

1.Remember the following words and word combinations:

to date датувати(ся)

to dominate домінувати

to preserve an antique way of life зберегти стародавній уклад життя

to found заснувати

grantстипендія

to apply toзвертатися

unusually wide range of subjectsнадзвичайно широкий діапазон предметів

to inspireнадихати

heritageспадщина

2.Read and translate the text paying attention to the active words and word combinations.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN.

The academic year in Britain’s universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education is divided into three terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March, and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July. There are about one hundred universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol, Birmingham.

Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant from their local education authority.

English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, traditions, general organization, methods of instruction, way of student life.

After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take a Master’s Degree and then a Doctor’s Degree. Research is an important feature of university work.

The two intellectual eyes of Britain - Oxford and Cambridge Universities - date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Scottish universities of St. Andrew’s, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

In the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries the so-called Redbrick universities were founded. These include London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield and Birmingham. During the late sixties and early seventies some 20 ‘new’ universities were set up. Sometimes they are called ‘concrete and glass’ universities. Among them are the universities of Sussex, York, East Anglia and some others.

During these years the Government set up thirty Polytechnics. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses. Colleges of Education provide two-year courses in teacher education or sometimes three years if the graduate specializes in some particular subject.

Some of those who decide to leave school at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Futher education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.

There is an interesting form of studies which is called the open University. It is intended for people who study in their own free time and who ‘attend’ lectures by watching television and listening to the radio. They keep in touch by phone and letter with their tutors and attend summer schools. The open University students have no formal qualifications and would be unable to enter ordinary universities.

Some 80,000 overseas students study at British universities or futher education colleges or train in nursing, law, banking or in industry.

3.Answer the questions.

a) How is the academic year divided?

b) What universities do you know?

c) What Degrees does a university graduate get?

d) What is an important feature of university work?

e) How old are the universities?

f) What do the Polytechnics offer?

g) What do colleges of Education provide?

h) What is a further education college?

i) What do you know about the open University?

j) How many overseas students are there at British universities?

4.Speak in pairs about the higher education in Great Britain.

5.Compare the higher education in Great Britain and Ukraine.

READING

Text A. Learning to Combine the World of Work and Study.

1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary.

Most university students have traditionally taken jobs in their holidays, particularly summer. But working your way through college was seen very much as a US tradition. However, it is now becoming widespread in Britain.

According to a survey by the National Union of Students (NUS ), 42 per cent of UK undergraduates are having to combine full-time studies with paid work during term-time. Clearly this figure must hide big variations because London Guildhall University announced that 80 per cent of its students work for between five and 25 hours a week during term.

But there is one silver lining to this particular cloud. Working during your course not only provides you with much needed cash but can equip you with some additional skills not normally to be had from holiday work. Combining earning with learning may be onerous, but these extra skills do make you even more attractive to recruiters when you graduate and start a career. There are basically three types of students work. There are formal placements, which may be a mandatory or optional part of your degree; there are part-time or vacation jobs, which are relevant either to your degree or to the career you eventually hope to follow; and there is casual work with little or no relevance to your course or your intended career.

Increasing numbers of universities and colleges recognise the need for students to have access to part-time and vacation work, and offer a variety of job-search schemes.

Does working during term-time harm your studies? It depends. In the NUS survey, 48 per cent said they would have got higher grades if they were not employed. But only 15 per cent of the same sample said employment had affected their study “slightly“. Much seems to depend on the number of hours worked.

2.Make up the questions on the text.

3.Report if it is good to combine the work and study.

4.Write a review on the text.

Text B. Au-Pair in Britain.

1.Read and translate using the dictionary.

One of the ways open to a girl student of the English language to improve her linguistic knowledge is to come to Britain for a year as au-pair girl. It certainly seems to be a very popular method, for every year sees more and more girls entering English homes as au-pair girls.

Forty years ago it was only used to describe a girl who came here to perfect her linguistic or professional knowledge; lived as a member of an English family; and the family provided her with “pocket money“. She was not paid a salary. As a member of the family she helped with the house-work and, if there were any, helped look after the children; but she was not asked to do more than would normally be expected of a teenage daughter of an average middle-class (particularly professional-class) English family.

Au-pair girls come mainly from Europe, although increasing numbers are arriving from Asia and South America. In the 1960s it was reckoned there were 9.000 au-pair girls in Britain; today an estimated number is 30,000 in London alone. The concept of the relationship between an au-pair and the English family with whom she is staying still exists in the advisory booklet which the Home Office first published in the 1960s. But conditions for the girls vary greatly. They are treated as cheap labour, many of them placed by agencies with no interest in their future welfare.

An article entitled “Law sought to protect au-pair girls’ interests“ was published in one of the British newspapers recently. The author wrote: “Au pair girls in Britain need a legally binding agreement to protect them against exploitations: not more than five hours a day domestic work, at least one free day a week, sufficient pocket money (7.50 pounds are considered about right), time to study and meet people. The girls cannot go on strike; that sort of action goes against the spirit of the system, which is intended to be one of fellowship, hospitality and a good relationship between the girl and the family.“

_________________

au-pair girl – іноземка, що опановує мову, працюючи за житло та харчування

2.Do you have your own experience of the au-pair? Air your view.

3.Retell the text.

4.Write a review on the text.

TALKING POINTS

1. Read, learn and act.

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АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА

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АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
    НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК   ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ІI КУРСУ   ФАКУЛЬТЕТІВ БІОЛОГО-ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО   ТА ХАРЧОВИХ

ББК 81.2 АНГЛ-923+28 я73
  ISBN 966-8078-20-9 © Автори-упорядники Байдак Л.І., Дацко О.В., Камінська Н.М., Курінний О.В., 2003 © СНАУ, 2003 © БНВП "ЕОНС",

I. The Use of Indefinite Tenses.
v The Present Indefinite is used: 1) to express a recurrent or permanent action in the present; e.g. He lives in Kiev with his mother. Він живе у Києві з м

II. The Formation of Indefinite Tenses.
Present Past Future   usually, often, always, seldom, hardly ever, occasionally yest

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: aspiration to cognition hence to be essential precious to be on the safe side to spare oneself t

TRAVELLING
Travelling is one of the things which allows people to satisfy their natural aspiration to cognition of the surrounding world. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Some people travel on bu

I. The Use of Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Continuous is used to express: 1) an action going on at the present moment, at the time of speaking; e.g. Why areyou crying?

Working.колипрацюю.
4) a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion. e.g. We are flyingto Paris Вранці ми вилітаємо до in the morning. Парижа. v The Past Con

II. The Formation of Continuous Tenses.
The Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Present Participleof the ma

EXERCISES
1.Put the verb into the appropriate form. 1.I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an English exercise. 2.Your friend (to do) his homework now? 3.Look! The baby (to sleep). 4.My father

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: compartment carriage obvious to board a train to stand in a queue to settle one’s business to bo

Text. Mistaken Identity.
1.Read and translate using the dictionary. Years ago I arrived one day at Salamanca, New York, where I was to change trains and take the sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platfor

Buying a ticket
A day return to London, please. A single to Birmingham, please. Two day returns to Oxford, please. An ordinary return to Cambridge, please. And which platform is

Dialogue C.
-Excuse me, don’t you think it is very stuffy in the compartment? -Yes, rather. -What about having the window open? -I don’t mind. Can you manage it? -I’ll try t

I. The Use of Perfect Tenses.
v The Present Perfect is used: 1) to express an action which took place before the present moment, when the speaker’s aim is to emphasize the present result of this action;

II. The Formation of Perfect Tenses.
The Perfect Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Participle IIof the main ver

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: means of transport to be at smb’s disposal altitude to cover the distance non-stop flight t

I. The Use of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished. e.g. His

II. The Formation of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
The Perfect Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Perfect Tense and Participle Iof the m

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: fast to drive a car wheel to switch on the motor to park traffic “jam” round-about to r

My own car
Lots of teenagers dream of the day when they will be old enough to learn to drive (at age 17 in the UK) and have their own car. There are plenty of reasons why. They will be able to go out where th

The problems
Cars cause a lot of problems. Here are some of them. Put them in order from 1 to 6 (1 for the biggest problem, 6 for the smallest problem, in your opinion). · The roads are too bus

Solutions from around the world
Different countries have different ways of reducing traffic. Tick the ones that you think are good ideas. · In Britain, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has asked th

EXERCISES
1.Use Present Perfect (Continuous) or Past Perfect (Continuous). 1.I received a letter from Susan a few days ago. I (not to receive) letters from her since she left. 2.There are a l

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: voyage quay to moor gangway deck to sail at a high speed rough pitch roll aft forward

Drop anchor at the pier
Max and his wife were taking ____ along the Black Sea coast on the “Karolina”. As we were spending the summer near Yalta we decided to meet them _____ . We arrived at the pier in time to see it ent

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: customs (customs house) to prolong to declare to be liable to duty duty free a customs declaration

Going Through the Customs
-Are these three cases all you have, sir? -Yes. They’re all I have. -Well, would you , please, read this notice carefully? -Thank you. -Do you understand the not

The use of the Passive Voice
The Passive Voice can be used : a) without the doer of the action being mentioned (the doer is either unknown or unimportant) e.g. The telegram was sent yesterday. (Телегра

The formation of the Passive Voice.
The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional verb. to be + Ved(III)

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: single room номер для одного double room номер для двох suite [sw

Text A. A Letter
1.Render in English Newton Hotel, Manchester, 16th March 2002 Dear Paul, I was very pleased to receive your letter and to hear that Frederick i

Text B. A Bad Way To Begin A Marrige
1.Read and translate the text “I never thought it was going to be like this,” John said. He was talking about his honeymoon and he looked very disappointed. He and Ann, his bride, were wal

Passive Voice
be + Ved(3) Present Indefinite Past Indefinite Future Indefinite am/is/are Ved(3) wa

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:   postal order letter-box (pillar-box) registered letter Post Restante book-post par

Text B. Post Cards
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text. In the mid-19th century, Henry Cole was a well-known museum director. Every year he sent short notes to his friends

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to be in a good health to fall ill to examine smb to catch a cold to feel unwell to cough flu

AT THE DOCTOR’S
Good health is a great blessing. Everyone should do all to stay healthy. Being in a good health means having both body and mind in a good working state free from disease and pain. As a proverb says

Cause(s)… measures
a cough to put into prison for… a headache to sack from school for… pneumonia to take money for… cancer to ban… blood disease affect(

PASSIVE VOICE
Continuous Tenses The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous Passive are formed by means of the Present Continuous and the Past Continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Partic

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations sales processing hardware tower keyboard printer software to be evident pros and cons witho

COMPUTERS
Today economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work and study. Modern companies analyse sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme

THE PROS AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since 1990, when the World

Questions
1.When and by whom was the Internet started? 2.Who used the Internet at first? 3.When was WWW created? 4.What is the main use of the Internet? 5.What are the adv

PASSIVE VOICE
Perfect Tenses The Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect Passive are formed by means of the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect of the auxiliary ver

UKRAINE
Today, Ukraine is included in all the world atlases. But there did exist maps on which Ukraine was not designated. In the past foreign invaders tried more than once to destroy and enslave the count

National Government
Ukraine is an independent state since adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine on July 16, 1990. According to the Constitution of Ukraine adopted on June 28, 1996 Ukrain

Local Governments
Ukraine is divided into 24 regions called oblasts and the Crimean Autonomous republic. Each region has its local authorities. 2. Use the words from the box to complete the sentences

PASSIVE VOICE
(revision) 1. Match the two parts of these sentences to make well-known proverbs and sayings and find their Ukrainian equivalents in the box.

Teacher Student
They took you sightseeing about the town. About the town you say? Yes, I was taken sightseeing about the town. 1. The exhibition displayed in this museum greatly impressed everybody.

Text. Where To Go And What To See In Kyiv.
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text. Khreshchatyk, the beautiful many-faced, brightly-lit main street of Kyiv, hasn’t always been like this. Originally it was Khres

Topical Vocabulary.
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to fulfill raw materials processing industry maize sunflower millet cultivation crop rotation

Text. Successful Farming Depends on the Soil.
1.Read and translate. Successful farming means making the best and the most scientific use of natural conditions, land, crops, livestock, machinery and all the other things which have to b

If you had eaten proper food you would be healthy and happy now.
EXERCISES 1.Translate into Ukrainian. 1.If my mother buys a cake, we shall have a very nice tea-party. 2. If we receive a telegram from him, we shall not worry. 3. If you don’t wo

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to be founded struggle landowner settlement the museum of fine arts the museum of applied arts c

MY NATIVE TOWN.
Sumy was founded on the 25th of June, 1655. The founder of the town was the Ukrainian cossack Gerasim Kondratyev. When the Ukrainians struggled against the Polish landowners they had to

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to look forward to з нетерпінням чекати to have nothing to do не мати нічого спільного

Dialogue B.
-What a nice dress you are wearing! -It’s my dad’s present on March, 8th. He has brought it from Poland. -Do the Polish celebrate the Women’s Day? -I think the

Make up five sentences and translate them.
I’m afraid I was afraid I fear(ed) I worry lest the children should lose their way. he should forget to post the letter. we should miss

AT THE MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN
The British Isles consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland includes these two islands and over five hundred small islands. It

Text A. The State System of Great Britain
1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary. Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The bodies of British Government are the legislative, executive, judiciary.

Dialogue A
-What are you looking at? -Don’t you see? This is the map of the British Isles. I am going to have my agricultural practice in Great Britain this summer. I try to find the town I shall wor

Dialogue B.
Volodymyr Vasylenko, a Ukrainian teacher of English, has been staying in London for a few months. Next Saturday morning he is leaving for Edinburgh. Last Tuesday Volodymyr saw Bernard Law, a Lon

Dialogue C.
Elections in Great Britain. V.: All your papers are writing about the coming election. Do you think the party in power will win the election? B.: They hope so. V.: Can yo

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued) 3.Adverbial clauses of comparison and predicative clauses The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the conjunctio

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued) 5. Subject clauses In subject clause after a principal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important etc. the Present Suppositional

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to the same extent coincide with dozen to be in rush holly mistletoe festive mood love-token

HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November), which has now largely been overshadowed by Burns’

Jesus Teaches
Love (Matthew 5.43-48) You have heard people say, “Love your neighbours and hate your enemies,” but tell you to love your enemies and pray for anyone who mistreats you

The English Home
Many English families live in flats, but most live in their own houses. On the ground floor they usually have the dining-room, the sitting-room, the kitchen, and the hall. In the hall ther

Fireplaces
In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural centre of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year th

The Englishman’s Garden
The English are obsessed with flowers. If you don’t believe it’s true, look at all the gardening books in the bookshops, find out how many flowers arranging societies there are in England – thousan

View of Britain
Intrviewer: Hello. I’m interviewing people about what they like or don’t like about England. Can I ask you some questions? Helen: Yes, of course. I: Are you a

Dialogue A.
-Are all the pupils admitted to higher schools after successful finishing secondary schools? -Those who pass successfully their entrance/competitive exams. -Where is higher educat

Dialogue B.
-Do the students have to pay for education in Ukraine? -It’s common knowledge education in Ukraine is paid and free of charge as well. Students are also provided with monthly grants by the

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: the Commonwealth to unite decline aspiration to concern to convert an integrated part appendag

THE COMMONWEALTH
The Commonwealth is a free association of Britain and certain independent states, formerly the colonies of the British Empire. It was founded in 1949. The Commonwealth has no central government, an

Dialogue B.
Read, learn and act. -My French exchange visitor came yesterday. -What’s her name? -Marie-Ange. -What a pretty name! What’s she like? -She’s really nice

Suggested, insisted, shouted, agreed, whispered, claimed, muttered, boasted, objected, exclaimed, admitted, protested
1.”I can speak six languages fluently,” he said. 2.”Let’s go to the cinema this evening,” he said. 3.”Stop that noise in the classroom,” he said. 4.”That car you are driv

Encourage refuse promise demand suggest
1.”You must believe that I didn’t know it was stolen,” he said. 2.”I’ve never seen that man before,” he said. 3.”If you don’t leave, I’ll phone the police,” he said. 4.”I

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: giving credit to a great demand unemployed preservation nutritional value well-being flesh mus

Persuasive, brave, creative, patient, intelligent, polite, accurate, fair, friendly
1.Salespeople need to be … to get people to buy their products. 2.A scientist has to be … in order to understand complex theories. 3.Receptionists should be … in order to make peo

Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations: to reorient decree to incur losses profit allotment ownership hired labour wage workers prop

ТАБЛИЦЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ
be beat become begin bend bet bite blow break bring build burst buy catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw drink drive

Text 3 Variety of Mammals
1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary. The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into three main sub-classes, according to differences in their anatomy a

To trace простежити
ancestorпредок forerunnerпопередник divergentщо розходиться, відхиляється to breedрозводити 2

To hunt полювати
load-bearerвантажо-тягач warfareвійна chariotколісниця to tillорати (землю) harness

СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. 1,2 части. – Москва – Харьков, «Деконт» – «Торсинг»,1997. 2. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської

CONTENTS
Unit 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Unit 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

КУРІННИЙ Олексій В’ячеславович
  За редакцією к.філол.н., доцента КОБЖЕВА Олександра Миколайовича   Редактор: Н.О. Максимова   Технічний редактор: В.В. Щербак

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