THE COMMONWEALTH - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА The Commonwealth Is A Free Association Of Britain And Certain Independent Sta...
The Commonwealth is a free association of Britain and certain independent states, formerly the colonies of the British Empire. It was founded in 1949. The Commonwealth has no central government, and unites a fifth of the world’s land and population. The Commonwealth includes 50 independent states among them are: Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand /1931/, India, Pakistan /1947/, Uganda /1962/, Kenya /1963/, Tanzania, Malawi, Malta, Zambia /1964/, Gambia, Singapore /1965/, Guyana, Botswana, Lesotho, Barbados /1966/. The British Crown is a symbol of this association. The queen is recognised as the Head of the Commonwealth; she is also the Head of State in 16 member countries.
Though the decline of the British Empire after the World War II made the role, played by the Commonwealth nations in foreign policy of Great Britain less significant, it doesn’t mean that Great Britain gave up her aspiration as far as the Commonwealth nations concerned. Her aim remains the same and the Commonwealth still plays an important part in the foreign policy of Great Britain.
In the economic sphere Britain’s aim is to convert the former colonies and semi-colonies into an integrated part of the world economy on the basis of a division of labour between Britain and these countries. The latter are supposed to act as Britain’s appendages supplying raw materials. The policy of “aid”, the export of capital, technical, economic measures and trade serve as instruments for retaining her shaky positions. Besides, among those independent states some hold on to their former metropolitan state because of their dependence on the British market.
In the military domain the majority of the newly free countries still depend on Great Britain so far as the armament supplies are concerned. Some of them still maintain common military maneuvers and research work.
In the field of education, science and technology, radio, television, press some newly free countries still preserve their dependence on Great Britain.
In the foreign policy Great Britain’s concern is shown mostly for the Commonwealth developing countries. The British government began to realize that in the 20th century Great Britain could no longer lead the way as it used to do earlier.
3.Answer the questions.
1. What is the Commonwealth?
2. When was the Commonwealth founded?
3. What countries are the members of the Commonwealth?
4. Who is the Head of the Commonwealth?
5. What is the role of Britain in this association?
6. What part does Great Britain play in the economic, military and foreign spheres?
4.Complete the following sentences.
1.The Commonwealth is …
2.The Commonwealth was founded …
3.The Head of the Commonwealth is …
4.There are … members in the Commonwealth.
5.The Commonwealth plays …
6.In the economic sphere the aim of Britain is …
7.The policy of “aid” serves as …
8.As for the armament supplies, the newly free countries …
5.Translate into English.
1.Співдружність незалежних держав – це асоціація колишніх колоній Британської імперії та Великобританії, яка була заснована в 1949 році. 2.Роль, яку відіграє Великобританія в цьому союзі, стає менш визначальною. 3.Для Великобританії Співдружність - це інструмент впливу в зовнішній політиці. 4.В економічній сфері члени союзу грають роль постачальника сировини. 5.В освіті, науці і технології деякі країни ще залежать від Великобританії.
6.Make a report on the role of Britain in the Commonwealth.
READING
Text A. What Is International Trade?
1.Read and translate using the dictionary.
When Honduras exports bananas to Switzerland, they can use the money they earn to import Swiss chocolate – or to pay for Kuwaiti oil or a vacation in Hawaii. The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries.
The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international borders. Although global trade is often added up in U.S. dollars, the trading itself involved various currencies. Japanese videocassette recorders are paid for in German marks in Berlin, and German cars are paid for in U.S. dollars in Boston. Indian tea, Brazilian coffee, and American films are sold around the world in currencies as diverse as Turkish liras and Mexican pesos.
Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone better off.
In an interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, a government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.
Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect.
The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world when the United States decided to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As other countries retaliated, trade plumered jobs were lost, and the world entered into a long period of economic decline.
2.Answer the questions.
1. What is the basic idea of international trade?
2. What is the main difference between domestic and international trade?
3. How can you consider trade barriers?
4. What is the difference between trade and investment?
5. What were the sequences of the Great depression of the 1930s?
3.Name the practical role of the trade cooperation.
Text B. Relations Between Ukraine and English-Speaking Countries.
1.Read and translate the text.
Ukraine has wide relations with English-speaking countries: Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada and others. Our relations with these countries are in policy, economics, science, culture, education and sport. Ukraine has diplomatic relations with all these countries. It means that they have ambassadors in Ukraine and we have Ukrainian diplomatic missions in these countries. We have some joint political projects.
In economics Ukraine collaborates with these countries too. There are many joint ventures where the partners are from different countries but not from one. Besides, the goods from these countries are sold in Ukraine and some products are sold in these countries.
Scientific co-operation is also very important because Ukrainian science is very good but it has not enough money for experiments. We have joint projects for space exploration with the USA and Canada. In future Ukraine will launch some space rockets from Canadian territory.
Cultural exchanges are very intensive too.
In education we have wide relations with these countries. We exchange students and teachers.
Besides, tourism is very popular.
I must say, that in the USA and Canada there are many people who are Ukrainians by origin. So we have special relations with them. There is a Ministry for Diaspora in Ukraine.
As we have wide and intensive relations with English-speaking countries English is one of the most popular foreign languages in Ukraine. It is taught in very many educational establishments and at our university too.
_____________________
to have wide relations мати широкі зв’язки
ambassador посольство
joint political project спільний політичний проект
to collaborate співробітничати
joint venture спільне підприємство
to launch запускати
2.Answer the questions.
1.Has Ukraine wide relations with English-speaking countries?
2.What are they?
3.What fields are our relations with these countries in?
4.What does “to have diplomatic relations with the country” mean?
5.What are the scientific and cultural projects between the countries?
3.Fill in the gaps with the words and word-combinations from the topical vocabulary.
1. Ukraine … with the English-speaking countries in policy, economics, science, culture, education and sport.
2. There are … of many countries in Ukraine.
3. Ukraine … not only with English-speaking countries but with many others from different continents of the world.
4. Will your name any … ?
5. There are many …where the partners are from different countries but not from one.
6. Achieving great successes in science a country tries … rockets.
7. … gives an opportunity to help the country in its development.
8. English is taught in schools and many other … .
4.Translate into English.
1.Широкі зв’язки з різними країнами дають можливість Україні стати розвинутою державою.
2.Іноземні посольства надають консультації громадянам про умови від’їзду в іншу країну.
3.Спільні політичні та економічні проекти допомагають країнам зблизитися.
4.Культурний обмін відкриває можливість людям пізнати світ іншого народу.
5.Спільні проекти в освіті сприяють розвитку науки.
5.What are the misunderstandings in the relations between Ukraine and other countries.
6.Speak on the relations of Ukraine with English-speaking countries.
TALKING POINTS
Dialogue A.
Read, learn and act.
-Who do you work for at the moment, Ms Mann?
-Um, I work for BBC World Service.
-Ah, and how long have you worked for the BBC?
-I’ve been for the BBC for five years. Yes, exactly five years.
-And how long have you been their German correspondent?
-For two years.
-And what did you do before the BBC?
-I worked as an interpreter for the EU.
-As you know , this job is based in Geneva. Have you ever lived abroad before?
-Oh yes, yes I have.
-And when did you live abroad?
-Well, in fact, I was born in Argentina and I lived there until I was eleven. Also, I lived and worked in Brussels for two years when I was working for the EU.
-Mmm … That’s interesting. Have you travelled much?
-Oh yes, yes indeed. I’ve travelled all over western and eastern Europe, and I’ve also been to many parts of South America.
-Mmm … And why did you go to these places?
-Well, mostly for pleasure, but three years ago I went back to Argentina to cover various political stories in Buenos Aires for the BBC.
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I. The Use of Indefinite Tenses.
v The Present Indefinite is used:
1) to express a recurrent or permanent action in the present;
e.g. He lives in Kiev with his mother. Він живе у Києві з м
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
aspiration to
cognition
hence
to be essential
precious
to be on the safe side
to spare oneself t
TRAVELLING
Travelling is one of the things which allows people to satisfy their natural aspiration to cognition of the surrounding world. Modern life is impossible without travelling. Some people travel on bu
I. The Use of Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Continuous is used to express:
1) an action going on at the present moment, at the time of speaking;
e.g. Why areyou crying?
Working.колипрацюю.
4) a planned future action mostly with verbs denoting motion.
e.g. We are flyingto Paris Вранці ми вилітаємо до
in the morning. Парижа.
v The Past Con
II. The Formation of Continuous Tenses.
The Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Present Participleof the ma
EXERCISES
1.Put the verb into the appropriate form.
1.I (not to drink) coffee now. I (to write) an English exercise. 2.Your friend (to do) his homework now? 3.Look! The baby (to sleep). 4.My father
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
compartment
carriage
obvious
to board a train
to stand in a queue
to settle one’s business
to bo
Text. Mistaken Identity.
1.Read and translate using the dictionary.
Years ago I arrived one day at Salamanca, New York, where I was to change trains and take the sleeper. There were crowds of people on the platfor
Buying a ticket
A day return to London, please.
A single to Birmingham, please.
Two day returns to Oxford, please.
An ordinary return to Cambridge, please.
And which platform is
Dialogue C.
-Excuse me, don’t you think it is very stuffy in the compartment?
-Yes, rather.
-What about having the window open?
-I don’t mind. Can you manage it?
-I’ll try t
I. The Use of Perfect Tenses.
v The Present Perfect is used:
1) to express an action which took place before the present moment, when the speaker’s aim is to emphasize the present result of this action;
II. The Formation of Perfect Tenses.
The Perfect Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Indefinite Tense and Participle IIof the main ver
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
means of transport
to be at smb’s disposal
altitude
to cover the distance
non-stop flight
t
I. The Use of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
v The Present Perfect Continuous is used to express an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is either still continuing or just finished.
e.g. His
II. The Formation of Perfect Continuous Tenses.
The Perfect Continuous Tenses are formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Present, Past or Future Perfect Tense and Participle Iof the m
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
fast
to drive a car
wheel
to switch on the motor
to park
traffic “jam”
round-about
to r
My own car
Lots of teenagers dream of the day when they will be old enough to learn to drive (at age 17 in the UK) and have their own car. There are plenty of reasons why. They will be able to go out where th
The problems
Cars cause a lot of problems. Here are some of them. Put them in order from 1 to 6 (1 for the biggest problem, 6 for the smallest problem, in your opinion).
· The roads are too bus
Solutions from around the world
Different countries have different ways of reducing traffic. Tick the ones that you think are good ideas.
· In Britain, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution has asked th
EXERCISES
1.Use Present Perfect (Continuous) or Past Perfect (Continuous).
1.I received a letter from Susan a few days ago. I (not to receive) letters from her since she left. 2.There are a l
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
voyage
quay
to moor
gangway
deck
to sail at a high speed
rough
pitch
roll
aft
forward
Drop anchor at the pier
Max and his wife were taking ____ along the Black Sea coast on the “Karolina”. As we were spending the summer near Yalta we decided to meet them _____ . We arrived at the pier in time to see it ent
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
customs (customs house)
to prolong
to declare
to be liable to duty
duty free
a customs declaration
Going Through the Customs
-Are these three cases all you have, sir?
-Yes. They’re all I have.
-Well, would you , please, read this notice carefully?
-Thank you.
-Do you understand the not
The use of the Passive Voice
The Passive Voice can be used :
a) without the doer of the action being mentioned (the doer is either unknown or unimportant)
e.g. The telegram was sent yesterday. (Телегра
The formation of the Passive Voice.
The Passive Voice is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the required form and Participle II of the notional verb.
to be + Ved(III)
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
single room номер для одного
double room номер для двох
suite [sw
Text A. A Letter
1.Render in English
Newton Hotel, Manchester,
16th March 2002
Dear Paul,
I was very pleased to receive your letter and to hear that Frederick i
Text B. A Bad Way To Begin A Marrige
1.Read and translate the text
“I never thought it was going to be like this,” John said. He was talking about his honeymoon and he looked very disappointed. He and Ann, his bride, were wal
Passive Voice
be + Ved(3)
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
am/is/are Ved(3)
wa
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
postal order
letter-box (pillar-box)
registered letter
Post Restante
book-post
par
Text B. Post Cards
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text.
In the mid-19th century, Henry Cole was a well-known museum director. Every year he sent short notes to his friends
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to be in a good health
to fall ill
to examine smb
to catch a cold
to feel unwell
to cough
flu
AT THE DOCTOR’S
Good health is a great blessing. Everyone should do all to stay healthy. Being in a good health means having both body and mind in a good working state free from disease and pain. As a proverb says
Cause(s)… measures
a cough to put into prison for…
a headache to sack from school for…
pneumonia to take money for…
cancer to ban…
blood disease affect(
PASSIVE VOICE
Continuous Tenses
The Present Continuous and the Past Continuous Passive are formed by means of the Present Continuous and the Past Continuous of the auxiliary verb to be and Partic
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations
sales
processing
hardware
tower
keyboard
printer
software
to be evident
pros and cons
witho
COMPUTERS
Today economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work and study. Modern companies analyse sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme
THE PROS AND CONS OF THE INTERNET
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history. It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists. Since 1990, when the World
Questions
1.When and by whom was the Internet started?
2.Who used the Internet at first?
3.When was WWW created?
4.What is the main use of the Internet?
5.What are the adv
PASSIVE VOICE
Perfect Tenses
The Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect Passive are formed by means of the Present Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect of the auxiliary ver
UKRAINE
Today, Ukraine is included in all the world atlases. But there did exist maps on which Ukraine was not designated. In the past foreign invaders tried more than once to destroy and enslave the count
National Government
Ukraine is an independent state since adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine on July 16, 1990.
According to the Constitution of Ukraine adopted on June 28, 1996 Ukrain
Local Governments
Ukraine is divided into 24 regions called oblasts and the Crimean Autonomous republic. Each region has its local authorities.
2. Use the words from the box to complete the sentences
PASSIVE VOICE
(revision)
1. Match the two parts of these sentences to make well-known proverbs and sayings and find their Ukrainian equivalents in the box.
Teacher Student
They took you sightseeing about the town. About the town you say? Yes, I was taken sightseeing about the town.
1. The exhibition displayed in this museum greatly impressed everybody.
Text. Where To Go And What To See In Kyiv.
1.Read and say what new things you’ve learned from the text.
Khreshchatyk, the beautiful many-faced, brightly-lit main street of Kyiv, hasn’t always been like this. Originally it was Khres
Topical Vocabulary.
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to fulfill
raw materials
processing industry
maize
sunflower
millet
cultivation
crop rotation
Text. Successful Farming Depends on the Soil.
1.Read and translate.
Successful farming means making the best and the most scientific use of natural conditions, land, crops, livestock, machinery and all the other things which have to b
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to be founded
struggle
landowner
settlement
the museum of fine arts
the museum of applied arts
c
MY NATIVE TOWN.
Sumy was founded on the 25th of June, 1655. The founder of the town was the Ukrainian cossack Gerasim Kondratyev. When the Ukrainians struggled against the Polish landowners they had to
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to look forward to з нетерпінням чекати
to have nothing to do не мати нічого спільного
Dialogue B.
-What a nice dress you are wearing!
-It’s my dad’s present on March, 8th. He has brought it from Poland.
-Do the Polish celebrate the Women’s Day?
-I think the
Make up five sentences and translate them.
I’m afraid
I was afraid
I fear(ed)
I worry
lest
the children should lose their way.
he should forget to post the letter.
we should miss
AT THE MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN
The British Isles consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland includes these two islands and over five hundred small islands. It
Text A. The State System of Great Britain
1.Read and translate the text using the dictionary.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy.
The bodies of British Government are the legislative, executive, judiciary.
Dialogue A
-What are you looking at?
-Don’t you see? This is the map of the British Isles. I am going to have my agricultural practice in Great Britain this summer. I try to find the town I shall wor
Dialogue B.
Volodymyr Vasylenko, a Ukrainian teacher of English, has been staying in London for a few months. Next Saturday morning he is leaving for Edinburgh. Last Tuesday Volodymyr saw Bernard Law, a Lon
Dialogue C.
Elections in Great Britain.
V.: All your papers are writing about the coming election. Do you think the party in power will win the election?
B.: They hope so.
V.: Can yo
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued)
3.Adverbial clauses of comparison and predicative clauses
The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison introduced by the conjunctio
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN COMPLEX SENTENCES
(continued)
5. Subject clauses
In subject clause after a principal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important etc. the Present Suppositional
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to the same extent
coincide with
dozen
to be in rush
holly
mistletoe
festive mood
love-token
HOLIDAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN
National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November), which has now largely been overshadowed by Burns’
Jesus Teaches
Love
(Matthew 5.43-48)
You have heard people say, “Love your neighbours and hate your enemies,” but tell you to love your enemies and pray for anyone who mistreats you
The English Home
Many English families live in flats, but most live in their own houses.
On the ground floor they usually have the dining-room, the sitting-room, the kitchen, and the hall. In the hall ther
Fireplaces
In English homes, the fireplace has always been, until recent times, the natural centre of interest in a room. People may like to sit at a window on a summer day, but for many months of the year th
The Englishman’s Garden
The English are obsessed with flowers. If you don’t believe it’s true, look at all the gardening books in the bookshops, find out how many flowers arranging societies there are in England – thousan
View of Britain
Intrviewer: Hello. I’m interviewing people about what they like or don’t like about England. Can I ask you some questions?
Helen: Yes, of course.
I: Are you a
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to date датувати(ся)
to dominate домінувати
to preserve an antique way of
Dialogue A.
-Are all the pupils admitted to higher schools after successful finishing secondary schools?
-Those who pass successfully their entrance/competitive exams.
-Where is higher educat
Dialogue B.
-Do the students have to pay for education in Ukraine?
-It’s common knowledge education in Ukraine is paid and free of charge as well. Students are also provided with monthly grants by the
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
the Commonwealth
to unite
decline
aspiration
to concern
to convert
an integrated part
appendag
Dialogue B.
Read, learn and act.
-My French exchange visitor came yesterday.
-What’s her name?
-Marie-Ange.
-What a pretty name! What’s she like?
-She’s really nice
Encourage refuse promise demand suggest
1.”You must believe that I didn’t know it was stolen,” he said.
2.”I’ve never seen that man before,” he said.
3.”If you don’t leave, I’ll phone the police,” he said.
4.”I
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
giving credit to
a great demand
unemployed
preservation
nutritional value
well-being
flesh
mus
Topical Vocabulary
1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
to reorient
decree
to incur losses
profit
allotment
ownership
hired labour
wage workers
prop
ТАБЛИЦЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ДІЄСЛІВ
be
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
blow
break
bring
build
burst
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
drink
drive
Text 3 Variety of Mammals
1.Read and translate the text using a dictionary.
The living members of the class mammalia are today divided into three main sub-classes, according to differences in their anatomy a
To trace простежити
ancestorпредок
forerunnerпопередник
divergentщо розходиться, відхиляється
to breedрозводити
2
To hunt полювати
load-bearerвантажо-тягач
warfareвійна
chariotколісниця
to tillорати (землю)
harness
СПИСОК ВИКОРИСТАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
1. Бонк Н.А., Лукьянова Н.А., Памухина Л.Г. Учебник английского языка. 1,2 части. – Москва – Харьков, «Деконт» – «Торсинг»,1997.
2. Верба Г.В., Верба Л.Г. Довідник з граматики англійської
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