The Field of Folklore - раздел Иностранные языки, ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА 4 курс
Folklore Comprises The Unrecorded Traditions Of A People. The...
Folklore comprises the unrecorded traditions of a people. The study of folklore records and analyses these traditions because they reveal the common life of the mind below the level of "high" or formal culture, which is recorded by civilizations as the learned heritage of their times.
Whenever, out of habit or inclination, the folk indulge in songs and dances, in ancient games, the merry-making, to mark the passing of the year or the usual festivities whenever in many callings the knowledge, experience, wisdom, skill, the habits and practices of the past are handed down by example or spoken word, by the older to the new generations, without reference to book, print, or school teacher, then we have folklore in its own perennial domain, at work as ever, alive and shifting, always apt to grasp and assimilate new elements on its way.
Folklore comprises traditional creations of peoples, primitive and civilized. These are achieved by using sounds, words, poetry and prose and include also folk beliefs or superstitions, customs and performances, dances and plays.
A simple and workable arrangement of the types of folklore may be based on three modes of existence: folklore is either verbal (proverbs, rhymes, myths, legends, folksong, ballads), partly verbal (superstitions, customs and festivals, folk dances and games) or non-verbal (folk gestures, folk music, folk architecture, handicrafts, folk costumes and foods).
Folklore under various names has been with us ever since man began to take an objective look at his culture.
The study of folk life is that of man's mental, spiritual and material struggle towards civilization, of that "complex whole", which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Men of learning have in the last century or so gathered, classified and studied a vast body of materials appertaining to folk tradition.
Some of our surviving customs can trace their ancestry a very long way back, and have hitherto resisted all attempts to uproot them, many others have vanished for ever. Especially they disappeared during the last hundred and fifty years or so, for this was a period of great change everywhere, affecting traditional customs as much as anything else.
Customs involve both verbal and non-verbal elements that are traditionally applied in specific circumstances. But unlike superstitions, true customs do not involve faith in the magical results of such application. Thus, the "customs" that incorporate traditional belief in the supernatural should properly be classified as superstition.
A custom is a traditional practice, a mode of individual behaviour or a habit of social life — that is transmitted by word of mouth or imitation, then ingrained by social pressure, common usage and parental authority. When customs are associated with holidays they become calendar customs, and when such events are celebrated annually by a whole community they become festivals.
In a sense transmitting folklore is itself a custom. Storytell-ing, ballad-singing, riddle-posing, game and prank playing and the like are all customary acts, for their survival depends on tradition rather than on official control.
Most true folk customs in the US are associated with special events, especially those that require rites of passage — birth, marriage, and death. They begin at once when a child is born. Boy babies are customarily dressed in blue, and girls in pink.
Celebrations of birthday anniversaries may begin as early as the first year in some families and they may continue through one's entire life. More commonly, however, birthday parties are dropped at about high school age sometimes to be revived once at the symbolic age of maturity (21 years) and again as an annual celebration in later middle age. Children's birthdays almost invariably are the occasion for spanking — one spank for each year, with extras "to grow in", or "for good measure". Children in some regions maintain a fairly rigid schedule of extra-punishment days before and after the birthday anniversary — "pinch day", "hit day", "kiss day" and so forth.
Birthday gift at a party may be held over the head of the celebrating child for him to guess the donor or to announce the use to which he intends to put that gift. For each correct guess he is granted a wish.
The loss of "baby teeth" is one of the few other non-holiday occasions in a child's life when customs are followed.
Courtship and engagement begin a new round of customs that lead to a grand final at marriage, the most tradition-regulated personal ceremony in American life.
Wedding customs begin with the "shower" often several of them, to emphasize different kinds of needed gifts.
Customs of the wedding itself are numerous and largely regulated by tradition. They include the dress of participants, the seating of guests, the choice of attendants, kissing the bride, throwing rice, passing the bride's shoe around for money, playing pranks on the married couple, and decorating the car.
Wedding customs, however rough, are essentially celebration of a happy time. But customs associated with death are generally fraught with suggestions of fear or superstition.
From youth to old age, at work and at play, in school and in widening arches of our orbits, from the country with which we identify, we encounter folk traditions, customs, recipes, memories, sayings and allusions that in^sum constitute a yearly folklore brew.
Only by turning to the folklore of peoples, probing into its meanings and functions, and searching for links between different bodies of tradition may we hope to understand the intellectual and spiritual life of man in its broadest dimensions.
1. As you read the text a) look for the answers to these questions:
1. What distinctions can be pointed out between folklore and the formal culture of a people? 2. How and in what situations does folklore manifest itself? 3. Can you specify different types of folklore as presented in the text above? 4. What definition can be given to a custom as an example of partly verbal folklore? 5. When and how can a custom become a festival according to the author of the text? 6. What true folk customs are associated with the events that are described in the text as those that require "rites of passage"? 7. What are the anniversary wedding customs that you learned about from the text?
b) Find in the text the facts the author gives to illustrate the following:
1. Most true folk customs begin when a child is born. 2. In a sense, transmitting folklore is itself a custom. 3. Unlike superstitions, true customs do not involve faith in magical results of their applications.
c) Summarize the text in four paragraphs: 1} the definition of folklore; 2) the classification of the types of folklore; 3) different kinds of customs and 4) what can be achieved through studying folklore.
2. Use the topical vocabulary in answering the following problem questions:
1. The variety of holidays and festivals in all social communities is determined by the diversity of their characters. One can talk about international, national, political, cultural, religious, ethnic, etc. holidays.
Please, give examples of these holidays and say which of them is your favourite and why.
2. The origin of May Day as the international day of working class solidarity can be traced back to the end of the 19th century. After the brutal suppression of demonstrations for the eight hour working day in the US on May 1, 1886, American trade unions and the Socialist International decided in 1889 to hold such demonstrations everywhere. Since then, May Day has been the symbol of the working class unity.
Do you happen to know that May Day is not a public holiday in many countries?
Can you speak about the attitude to May Day in Russia now?
3. There is no need to deny that the celebrations of the International Women's Day have acquired new features and developed modern customs in the course of time.
Do you approve of these new customs? How will you explain them to your British or American friend emphasizing its difference from Mother's Day in their countries?
4. National customs and traditions have been historically associated with seasonal changes of the year. The celebration of the magic force of the first day can be seen in the pagan
tradition of marking the first day of winter, spring, having festivals in honour of natural forces — the Sun, the Moon (e. g. Sunday, Monday). Pancake Day (Maslyanitsa) in Russia dales back to the ancient Slavic tradition of saying farewell to winter and welcoming spring by singing, dancing, burning the straw effigy of Maslyanitsa and eating pancakes, which represent little images of the Sun.
Do you know about any other folk holidays marking the seasonal changes? What is the role of such holidays in the cultural development of a nation and in securing the continuity of national customs and traditions?
5. Celebrations like Olympic Games, Youth Festivals, Neighbourhood Festivals, Russian Winter festival, etc. have appeared only recently. Some of them have obviously roots in the cultural heritage of the peoples, others emphasize the modem problems and aims.
What in your opinion is the cultural, political (emotional, moral, psychological, etc.) impact and message of such new festivities for the younger generation?
6. Some young people refuse to observe the old rituals and have a wedding party considering it a terrible nuisance and a waste of money. What is your idea of celebrating a wedding? Should the old customs and traditions be observed or should it be held in an absolutely new manner?
7. A school teacher is sure to take part in organizing celebrations of different kinds. What do you think a school teacher's opinion should be on the role holidays, traditions and rituals play in the education and character-shaping of the younger generation?
8. You may remember or know that decorating a New Year tree was considered to be a superstition in the twenties in Soviet Russia. How do you account for that attitude and what in fact is the meaning of the New Year tree to children and adults?
9. What part do you think the national cuisine plays in the celebration of different holidays and festivals? Can you describe some Russian (or English, French, German, etc.) special dishes associated particularly with celebrations?
3. Read the short passages and answer the questions about them giving your impressions to the point:
1. Some people find it difficult to tell the difference between a custom and a habit. Customs are social and habits are personal. Smoking is a bad habit and certainly an expensive one. Customs are common to a large number of people who belong to a society or a nation. For men giving up their seats to old people, to women carrying babies, to people who are ill should be a national custom.
Can you describe any national customs giving your impressions of them?
2. I have always been attracted by the people of unusual habits, I mean quiet, orderly people who enrich their humdrum existences by adopting odd quirks and passions, unlikely routine or harmless mania for useless objects.
Life, I am sure, would be very much poorer without such people in it. Sometimes, I feel, I am lacking in personality since I have none of these strange habits.
And what do you think of people who have such unusual habits as collecting dolls, railway carriages or something, like that? Could you describe any such hobbies and share your impressions of the people indulging in them?
3. Tradition is a chain which links the present with the past, part of our task is to interpret the life and the activity of tradition as a formative and perfecting factor in the development of men in society.
What do you think of the role the tradition plays in our life and what does the successful performance of that role depend on?
4. Story-telling and story-collecting used to be an old tradition in the times well before the scientific and technological revolution. Scotland has stories of so many different sorts that the richness of their variety is almost beyond believing. The tales and legends have been handed down by word of mouth often for generations. Many were passed on by wandering story-tellers, others were composed for special occasions such as weddings and christenings.
No matter what brings folk together, you may be sure that there will be a grand feast spread, and the singing of old songs and ballads, the dancing of reels and most probably speeches
to follow. But to the old days, the high point of the entertainment was the story.
Can you give your impressions of a traditional wedding you recently attended (Russian, Georgian, Moldavian, etc.)? Could you describe the old and new customs and rituals you saw there?
Все темы данного раздела:
Под редакцией В.Д. АРАКИНА
Издание четвертое, переработанное и дополненное
Допущено
Министерством образования Российской Федерации
в качес
И.Н. Верещагина, М.С. Страшникова, С.И. Петрушин
Рецензент
кафедра английского языка Астраханского
государственного педагогического института
им. С.М. Кирова
(зав. кафедрой канд. филол. наук
By R. Gordon
Richard Gordon was born in 1921. He has been an anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital,1 a ship's surgeon and an assistant editor of the British Medical Journal. He l
Commentary
1 St Bartholomew's, St. Swithin's Hospitals: medical schools in London.
2 invigilator: a person who watches over students during examinations.
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. However, I'm not worried. They never read the papers anyway.
— You needn't worry about the meals. She never has anything for breakfast anyway.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1. annoyvt/i 1) to make a little angry, especially by repeated acts; to disturb and nervously upset a person, e. g. Wilfred did not want to pay too m
To chatter like a magpie
3. cheervt/i 1) to fill with gladness, hope, high spirits; comfort, e. g. Everyone was cheered by the good news. He cheered up at once when I promise
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words:
authority; contest n, prize-fighter; enthusiastic;
A) two principal stresses;
b) the secondary and principal stresses. Beat the time:
a) well-established; thenceforward; meanwhile; well-trodden; self-consciousness; unhurriedly: dissa
Make the following sentences complete using the patterns (p. 10)
1. You can just leave. I'm about to tell Bucky to forget it... . 2. I'm done for the moment and ready to join you. I've rinsed my plate and my spoon and run a damp sponge across the
Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue, using the patterns.
9. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Хорошо. Я принимаю ваш отказ. В любом случае я рада, что мы познакомились. Над
Note down from the text (p. 6) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 11) and translate them into Russian.
11. Complete the following sentences, using the phrases and word combinations:
1. If you are smart enough to cheat in this exam ... . 2. T
Give a summary of the text (p. 6) dividing it into several logical parts.
17. Use the phrases and word combinations and act out the dialogues between:
1. Benskin and Richard Gordon on the technical details of the
Study the essential vocabulary. Give the Russian equivalents for every unit and translate the examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
A. 1. "You are making too much fuss of me, don't worry"
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Who is who: applicant/prospective student; freshman; sophomore, junior, senior, undergraduate student; graduate (grad) student; part-time student; .transfer stud
Higher Education
Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education. A college at a leading university might receive appli
C) Summarize the text in three paragraphs.
2. Use the topical vocabulary and the material of the Appendix (p. 262) in answering the following questions:
1. What steps do students hav
Average Academic Fees per Quarter
(public university)
Tuition
Colleges
non-residential residential
students students
Two Year Colleges $ 753 $ 17
B) Comment on the given information and speak about the financial aspect of getting a higher education in the US A.
4. Read the following dialogue. The expression in bold type show the way people can be persuaded. Note them down. Be ready to act out the dialogue in class:
Year-Round Schooling Is Voted In Los Angeles
The L.A. board of education, has voted to put all its schools on a year-round schedule. This decision does not necessarily increase the number of school days, but it is expected to
D) Spend a few minutes individually thinking of further arguments you will use to back up the opinion you have been assigned.
e) Enact the debates on a year-round schooling at the sitting of the school board of education. Do your best to support those who share a similar point of view and try to pe
A) Open the group discussion by describing the members of the panel and the chairperson.
b) Split into groups of four students. Pretend you are the TV panel. Elect a chairperson and decide which of the four roles each of you will take: Mrs/Mr Terrie/John HilI, t
By Harper Lee
Harper Lee was bom in 1926 in the state of Alabama. In 1945-1949 she studied law at the University of Alabama. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is her first novel. It received almo
Commentary
1. a jury: a body of persons, in the USA and Great Britain, 12 in number, who have to decide the truth of a case tried before a judge. The jury brings in a verdict
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. a) Whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who heis,... that white man is trash.
No matter who the man might be, you had no r
Phrases and Word Combinations
smb's word against another's to get a square deal (a fair
(it's your word against mine) deal)
in private and in public (to be) half way (through,
stark na
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1.smarta 1) quick in movement, brisk, as a smart walk (pace, trot, etc.), e. g. He gave him a smart rap over the knuckles.
2) clever,
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. a) Consult a dictionary and transcribe the following words from the text. Practise their pronunciation paying attention to stresses:
una
Note down from the text (p. 40) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 46) and translate them into Russian.
10. Complete the following sentences:
I. 1 understand that it's only his word against mine but... . 2. 1 ... to get a square deal in this c
Using the phrases make up a suitable dialogue and act it out in front of the class.
13. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases and word combinations:
1. Вы выступаете против того, что утверждает он
Retell the text a) close to the text; b) as if you were one of the characters prerent in the court-room.
18. a) Make up and act out dialogues between:
1. Atticus Finch and Judge Taylor before the trial.
2. Atticus Finch
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
A. 1. When Jean and Henry left the night club in his smart car, they to
B) jerk, shove, twitch
1. The boys ... the chairs and tables from the centre of the room. 2. The train made a sudden ... and stopped. 3. The dog's nose ... as it passed the butcher's shop. 4. A strong gust of wind
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Courts:trial Courts, common pleas courts, municipal and county courts, mayors' courts, courts of claims, courts of appeals, the State Supreme Court.
The
Juvenile delinquency is an issue about which people all over the world are concerned.
a) Read the extracts given below which present information on the gravity of the problem:
a) Youth gangs have been a part of Los Angeles si
Below is an interview with a judge on crime and punishment. The judge says why he gives help in some cases and punishment in others.
a) Work in groups of 3 or 4 and assign different opinions on the problem of the punishment to each member of the group:
Interviewer.
B) Spend a few minutes individually thinking of further arguments you will use to back up your own opinion on the usefulness and types of punishment.
c) Now discuss the issue with other members of the small group using the arguments you have prepared. Do your best to support those who share a similar point of view and try
B) Split into groups of 5-6 students and assign the roles of the panel.
c) Before the beginning of the panel read the following selections carefully and extract the necessary information:
— It's a time-honoured misconception th
Give a brief talk to the ten graders on the Criminal Law and its role hi combatting Juvenile delinquency.
12. Enact a role play "Trying a criminal case". Yon are the Jury and most decide whether to acquit the accused or sentence them to a term of imprisonment (minimum 3 months/maximu
By L. P. Hartley
Leslie Poles Hartley (1895-1972), the son of a solicitor was educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford and for more than twenty years from 1932 was a fiction reviewer for such
Commentary
1. Other-worldly, indeed!"Other-worldly" means more concerned with spiritual matters than with daily life. The exclamation "indeed" is used to express surprise,
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. He was just going to pitch the postcard in the fire when suddenly he decided not to.
David was just about to order a plane ticket when suddenly he decid
Phrases and Word Combinations
to get/come to grips with to have things (too much)
smb/smth (informal) one's own way
to take up time and energy to get into a groove/rut
to linger
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1. come vi (esp. up to, down to) to reach, e. g. The water came (up) to my neck.
come about to happen, e, g. I'll nev
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to the stresses:
conscientious, photograph, an
Note down from the text (p. 73) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 78) and translate them into Russian.
9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the phrases and word combinations:
1. The speaker talked a lot, but never really dealt serious
Make up and practise a suitable dialogue using the phrases and word combinations.
12. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases and word combinations:
1. Мы должны серьезно взяться за решение этой п
Pair work. Make up and act out situations using the phrases and word combinations.
14. Explain what is meant by:
projections of his own personality or, in different forms, the antithesis of it; to experiment with acquainta
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
A. 1. My son has begun to come along very well in French since the new
Object(s) — subject(s); to object — to oppose; to obtain — to come by; to happen — to come about; to yield — to give in
1. How did you ... that scratch on your cheek? 2. I haven't been able ... that record anywhere; can you... it for me? 3. The accident ...last week. 4. How did it …that you did not r
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Categorisation:Children's and adult's books; travel books and biography; romantic and historical novels; crime/thrillers; detective stories; war/adventure; scien
MURIEL SPARK
Many professions are associated with a particular stereotype. The classic image of a writer, for instance, is of a slightly demented-looking person, locked in an attic, scribbling
C) Summarize the text in three paragraphs.
2. In spite of the Russian proverb one can argue about taste: everybody does, and one result is that tastes change. If given a choice what would you rather read a novel or s
C) Do library research and reproduce a talk with an important writer.
5. Read the following extract and observe the way literary criticism is written:
Jane Austensaw life in a clear, dry light
Group discussion.
Despite the increase in TV watching, reading still is an important leisure activity in Britain. More than 5,000 titles were nominated in a national survey conducted in 1996. The public was invited
The Diary of Anne Frank
27. A Clockwork Orange Anthony Burgess
28.Sons and LoversD.S. Lawrence
29. To the LighthouseVirginia Woolf
30.
MY FAVOURITE LIBRARY
There are many libraries which I use regularly in London, some to borrow books from, some as quiet places to work in, but the Westminster Central Reference Library is unique, in a s
Prepare to give a talk on an important library, its history and facilities.
11. Group work. Work in groups of three or four to discuss the pros and cons of reading detective novels and thrillers. Consider the following:
By E.L. Doctorow
Ragtime is a novel set in America at the beginning of this century. Its characters reflect all that is most significant and dramatic in America's last hundred years. One cha
Commentary
1. Ragtime:the form of music, song and dance of black US origin, popular in the 1920's in which the strong note of the tune comes just before the main beat of the m
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. ... there was somethingdisturbingly resolute and self-important in the way he asked her...
There was something strange in (about) the
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1.setvt/i 1) to make to be in a specified condition, as to open the cage and set the bird free; to set the papers (a village, a house) on fire; to fix or det
An old hand, good hand at smth
Ant. not much of a hand at smth, e. g. I am not much of a hand at making pastry.
2) encouragement given by clapping the hands, as to give a (good, big) hand to, get a (big, g
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciaton of the following words:
rigidly, nuisance, bouquet, chrysanthemums, transient, ex
Make up and act out dialogues using the speech patterns.
6. Translate the following sentences into English using the speech patterns:
1. Есть что-то странное в том, как она одевается. 2. Было что-
Note down the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 109) and translate them into Russian.
8. Paraphrase the following sentences:
1. We are losing money right and left. 2. Days went past without any news. 3. Judge its size, please
Give a summary of the text (p. 104).
14. Make up and act out dialogues between:
1. Mother and Father before the tea.
2. Mother and Sarah after the visit of the Negro p
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
A. 1. He was given a little money and at times, in the spirit of advent
Make up short situations or a story using the essential vocabulary.
9. Translate the following sentences into English:
1.Она поклялась никогда не переступать порог этого дома. 2. Учитель задал ученикам труд
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Musical genres (styles):classical music (instrumental, vocal, chamber, symphony), opera, operetta, musical, ballet, blues, ragtime, jazz, pop, rock, folk (countr
Understanding Music
If we were asked to explain the purpose of music, our immediate reply might be "to give pleasure". That would not be far from the truth, but there are other consideration
Below are opinions on the development of music.
a) Spend a few minutes individually thinking of further arguments you will use to back up one of the opinions:
1. The line between serious
Group work. Split into buzz groups of 3—4 students each.
Discuss the following, using the expressions of agreement or disagreement (p. 290):
1. "Some people prefer only classical music and find contemporary
C) As a group, now decide which event you will all attend together. When giving your criticism try to be honest, but tactful.
9. Group work. Discuss the effect of rode music on young people. After a proper discussion each group presents its critical remarks. First read this:
A Feast of Russian Arts
The strong and impressive Russian theme at this year's Edinburgh Festival commemorates the 70th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.
The festival opened on August 9 with
ByH. Munro
Hector Munro (pseudonym Saki, 1870-1916) is a British novelist and a short-story writer. He is best known for his short stories. Owing to the death of his mother and his father's ab
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. Older and wiser and better people had told him that there could not possibly bea frog in his bread-and-milk.1 How can I possibly do it? Do it if you p
Phrases and Word Combinations
to be in disgrace to change the subject
to describe with much detail (for) the greater part of the day
(in great detail) (the time; the year; of one's
as
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1. shiftvt/i to change the place, position or direction of, e. g. The boy shifted from one foot to the other. He kept on shifting his plate on the tab
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to stresses:
pseudonym, imperious, frivolou
B) Ask your partner to read the exercise aloud; write down all cases of erroneous pronunciation; correct them.
4. Complete the following sentences:
a) 1. I can't possibly... 2. How can I possibly...? 3. We couldn't possibly... 4. You can't pos
Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue using the speech patterns.
7. Translate the following sentences and word combinations into English:
а) 1. Как же я могу это сделать, если вы отказываетесь мне помочь? 2. Помой, пожа
Note down from the text (p. 134) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 140) and translate them into Russian.
9. Complete the following sentences nsing the phrases and word combinations:
1. After it was discovered that the politician had stolen
Pair work. Make up and act out situations using the phrases and word combinations.
13. Explain what is meant by:
the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair; an unwarranted stretch of imagination; the delights th
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the ilustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
1. James who felt very uncomfortable in that low chair, shifted his feet uneasily, and p
Make up and practise short dialogues or stories using the essential vocabulary.
8. Review the essential vocabulary and translate the following sentences into English:
1. Мальчик переминался с ноги налогу, не зная, как о
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. A happy child is:
a) kind-hearted, good-natured, loving, friendly, affectionate; confident, balanced, secure; getting along (comfortably) with others; gregarious: socia
The Difficult Child
The difficult child is the child who is unhappy. He is at war with himself, and in consequence, he is at war with the world. A difficult child is nearly always made difficult by wro
The Bell Family Charter
Homework: All members of the family must do an equal share of the housework according to age and ability. A list of duties will be put up each week.
Free Time:
A) Write a letter in response stating your agreement or disagreement.
b) Using both the letter and the answer as a basis turn the contents into a dialogue and act it out in class:
Dear Helen,
I have j
By P. G.Aldrich
What do you remember most about your childhood? Running through the long dewy grass of a meadow or the Saturday morning TV cartoons? Sitting in the kitchen watching your mother coo
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1. bringvt (with prepositions and adverbs)
to bring aboutto cause smth, e. g. What brought about this quarrel?
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words:
dewy, meadow, cartoon, Captain Kangaroo, episode, mass media
Note down from the text (p. 165) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 169) and translate them into Russian.
9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the phrases and word combinations:
1. Who won the race? 2. This is the latest information on t
Pair work. Make up and practise a dialogue using the phrases and word combinations.
14. Explain what is meant by:
watching television is psychologically addictive; questions involving subtle conditioning and brainwashing; f
Answer the following questions and do the given assignment.
a) 1. How influential a part does the TV play in children's lives? Do recollections of TV programmes provide the most part of the majority of young people's childhood memories? 2. W
Give a summary of the text.
17. l) Media inventory.
a) List all the media yon observe in an hour or two in the following places:
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
1. How a few words can bring it all back! 2. Clocks and watches should be brought forwar
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Television:TV; telly (colloq.), the box (BE); the tube (AE), portable television (set); colour television (set); video; video tape-recorder
C) Summarize the text in 3 paragraphs.
2. Use the topical vocabulary in answering the following questions:
1. What are your favourite programmes? Refer to specific programmes to
The Story So Far
The idea of a machine able to broadcast both sound and vision goes back to 1875. But it wasn't until 1926 that a Scottish engineer turned the idea into a practical reality. Now, his
Internet
is a network connecting many computer networks and based on a common addressing system and communications protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). From its
D) Participate in the discussion. (You have only five minutes to talk.) Be prepared to answer any question arising in the course of the discussion.
9. Interviewing people basically involves asking for opinions and expressing personal opinions. Next come some cliches you may use for this purpose:
D) Summarize in your own words what you believe to be the best technique for interviewing people (see Appendix, p. 292).
11. Read the following extract on the use of interviews in the foreign language classroom:
The success of an interview depends both on the
Television Questionnaire
1.How man
B) Summarize your observations and report them to the group.
c) Work out a suggested weekly viewing guide based on the recommendations of group members. Beside each programme write the reasons for its appeal: humorous, realistic, un
DRAWING BACK THE CURTAIN
Denis Healey was bom in 1917 and brought up in Yorkshire. After gainig a double first at Balliol College, Oxford, for six years he was a soldier learning about real life.
Commentary
1. The Fabian Society — a British organisation of left wing thinkers which was a founder or the Labour Party and used to have an important influence on it.
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. I learned much from those visits, restricted though they were.
Hard working though he was, there was never enough money to pay the bills.
Stran
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1. includevt to bring in, to regard as part of the whole, e. g. This atlas contains fifty maps, including six of North America. The price is ten doll
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words:
purport; illusion; expunge; consciousness; liquidate; fas
Pair work. Make up and act out a diaioue using the speech patterns.
8. Translate the following sentences into English:
А. 1. Хотя это может показаться странным, я особенно люблю читать истор
Note down from the text (p. 200) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 204) and translate them into Russian.
10. Complete the following sentences using the phrases and word combinations:
1. All the Moscow cathedrals and churches have been ... to t
Pair work. Make up and act out situations using the phrases and word combinations.
14. Explain what is meant by:
to expunge it from the consciousness of the people; to be part of a common civilisation; to be meticulously restored; a build
Give a summary of the text, dividing it into several logical parts.
17. Use the phrases and word combinations and act out dialogues between:
1. A guide and an American tourist planning the itinerary of the l
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
1. A group of theatrical workers including myself wrote an open letter to The Times.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Symbolic calendar days of rest and celebrations: holidays;festivals; bank holidays; public holidays.
2. Types of holidays:internationa
Below are opinions on folklore, traditions and customs. a) Read them first.
1. The most widely acknowledged form of Art — Folklore, that is verbal, musical and material (traditional handicrafts), is almost completely devoid of anything that could be called
C) Now discuss the opinions with your partner.
5. When people talk about something they are bound to make mistakes. (To err is human.) But not everyone is able to correct these mistakes in a delicate way without hurting
C) Make a speech on the American tradition to celebrate Halloween.
6. Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue discussing national holidays. Do library research and collect additional materials describing unusual national holidays. Use the
C) Make a round table discussion of the American holidays.
8. As you know the Americans and British have very much to common in their cultural traditions, for example Christmas and Halloween. But certain celebration
By Ch. Morley
Christopher Morley (1890-1957), an American author, received unusual recognition early in his career. Among his widely known novels are Kitty Foyle and The Trojan Horse.
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. It makes me wild tothink of working and working like a dog...
It made Jane mad to hear the news. It will make the child happier to have his sister with
Phrases and Word Combinations
to pick over smth to go back on smb
to rummage through to be down on smb
to attend to (one's affairs, a word of praise
business) to get promoted
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1. avoidvt to keep away from, as to avoid a person, speaking to smb. meeting smb, mentioning smth, mistakes, bad company, a quarrel, an argument, a s
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to the stresses:
a) atmosphere, unforgivable,
Listen to the recording of the text and mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat the text after the model
3. Substitute one of the speech patterns (p. 238) for the parts of the sentence:
M o d e 1 s: a) He became angry when he thought of workin
Translate the following sentences into English using the speech patterns.
1. Нежелание Гордона понять жену разозлило Лору. 2. Ребенок станет счастливее, если его мать будет проводить с ним больше времени. 3. Все, на что мог надеяться Вол, так это на показания его жены.
Note down from the text (p. 231) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 238) and translate them into Russian.
8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the phrases and word combinations:
1. At times some praise will work wonders. 2. You'd better
Make up and practise a suitable dialogue using the phrases and word combinations.
11. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases and word combinations:
1. Мальчик очень старался не делать ошибок в своем изложении. 2
Give a summary of the text.
15. Make up and act out dialogues between:
1. Laura (Gordon) and a friend discussing the events of Thursday evening.
2. Mrs Jones
Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
1. We avoided riding through large cities on our trip. 2. One would admire his excellent
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Family, folks, household, tribe, clan, descent (to be of some descent), descendant, ancestor, forefather, heredity, hereditary, sibling, paternal, maternal, next of kin, nearest
The Politics of Housework
It seemed perfectly reasonable. We both had careers, both had to work a couple of days a week to earn enough to live on, so why shouldn't we share the housework? So, I suggested it
C) Cut them down to the five most important.
d) Expand them to describe exhaustively the most perfect wife / husband and mother-to-law.
8. One of the main problems of family li
B) Turn the above situation into a dialogue and act it out.
10. Look at the following ways of giving advice (some of which appear in the text) and accepting advice or rejecting it:
Giving advice
ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE USA
The school year is usually nine months, from early September to mid-June. The common pattern of organization, referred to as the 6-3-3 plan, includes elementary school in grades 1
TOOLS FOR EVALUATING A STORY
Any work of fiction consists of relatively independent elements — narration, description, dialogue, interior monologue, digressions, etc. Narrationis dynamic, it g
COMPOSITION AND PLOT; FOCUS; VOICE
What are the bare facts of the story? What is the exposition, complication, climax and denouement? Are the elements of the plot ordered chronologically? How does the story begin? I
CHARACTERS AND SETTING
What are the characters names and what do they look like? Does this have any significance? Are the characters round or flat? Does the narrator employ interior monologue to render th
THEME AND ARTISTIC EFFECT
What is the general effect achieved? Has the writer caused characters, and settings to come alive? What was the conflict and how was is solved, if at all? Were there any striking re
By L.P. Hartley
(continued)
A little comforted, Walter went home. The talk with the police had done him good. He thought it over. It was quite true what he had told
Unit Six
magazine programme — programme which is a mixture of "hard" news and feature items.
wild/nature life programme — programme showing animals, birds, etc. in their n
INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES
Ten-point plan to make a good impression
1. Be pleasant and polite to the receptionist or secretary who greets you. It will get you off to a good sta
Respond to the following situations either in a short story, using a dialogue and a description, or in an essay form.
1. Describe how illustrations can help a reader to enjoy the book. Refer to two or three books you have read.
2. Imagine that one of your friends is missing from the classe
Some means that can be useful in persuading others
1. Citing facts to support your view, naming their source if the facts are likely to be doubted.
2. Relating relevant incidents or experiences in which you or others have b
ATTACK AND RESPONSE
Attack
Wouldn't you agree
Wouldn't you say that
Response
I see (take) your po
AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
Agreeing. Neutral: Yes, I agree. True enough. That's right I can't help thinking the same. Hour true. I couldn't agree more. How right that is. Oh, definitel
EXPRESSIONS SHOWING CRITICISM AND VIRTUES
I know I am not good at...
As for when I look at myself (in a mirror),... well... then I see
someone a bit different.
That's probably my main fault.
REACTING TO OPINION
Positive response:
True... exactly...
I am all out for it.
I am in favour of it.
You have my whole/full
Asking for clarification
I'm sorry, I don't quite understand what you mean by...
I'm sorry, could you explain what you mean by...
I'm afraid, I'm not really very clear about what you mean
Giving clarification
what I'm trying to say is (that)...
Well,
the point I'm trying to make is (that)
Giving advice
I would advise you to DO...
Personally, I think your best course would be to DO...
Accepting advice
Cast list
Helen/Eugene
Role cards
Helen/Eugene Aged 19
You were one of the team. You are a great traveller. You are happy as in summer you worked in a new place and now you look forward to a trip to St. Pet
Cast list
Prof. G., Head of the English Department
Lecturer M.
Lecturer E. senior lecturers
Role cards
Prof. G. Aged 51
You are Head of the English Department and conduct a special meeting to discuss what form of assessment is more efficient and reliable: exams or continuou
Role cards
The author Aged 55
You are the author of the textbook. It is highly valued by the school teachers and so the publishing house is planning the second edition of it. As you h
Situation
At a students' debating club a discussion is held on the role of television in society. Some students of the British group who are on an exchange visit to Moscow are participating i
Cast list
A journalist
A psychologist
A postgraduate
Role cards
Journalist Aged 54
You are a well-known journalist You were asked to lead the discussion. In setting the problems for discussion you are deliberately provocative and extre
Possible follow-ups
1. Choose an evening's viewing for
a) a foreign visitor whose Russian is good and who is very interested in learning more about Russia and our way of life;
b) a fo
Situation
Mrs June Brown was detained for shoplifting. She was accused of having stolen a girl's woolen pullover. Mrs Brown refused to say anything and consequently the police were called and
Role cards
Counsel for the Defence Aged 39
While interviewing the participants of the incident — Mrs Brown, the defendant, Miss Smith, the sales assistant, Mrs Baker, the store detect
Situation
During the last week of the term the eighth form register goes missing from the staff room. The form tutor is worried since it's the time for .the end-of-term assessment which must
Role cards
Teacher W. Aged 35
You are a math teacher and a tutor of the 8th form. The disappearance of the form register upsets you. You intended to
hold a t
Possible follow-ups
1. Discuss the following:
a) Is one's authority as a teacher undermined by seeking the aid of senior members of the staff in dealing with discipline problems?
b) I
Situation
M.N. Semenova, an English teacher, and her colleague, N.M. Petrova, are receiving Mrs Dorothy Parker, a visiting English teacher, at M.N. Semenova's. Her elder daughter, Helen, is
Role cards
M.N. Semenova Aged 45
You are very much annoyed at the news. You love your son who is the apple of your eye and you've been looking foreward to the birthday party. Under th
Situation
A fourth-year student Nick Petrov and a second-year student Ann Semenova are going to get married. They both study at the English faculty and live away from home in the Halls of Re
Role cards
Nick Petrov Aged 22
You are an out-of-door type of young man and think that the only thing worth spending money on is travelling. You find Ann very fussy about clothes, res
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ СТУДЕНТАМ, ГОТОВЯЩИМСЯ К ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ
К началу IV курса студенты уже обладают не только теоретическими знаниями, но и определенными профессионально значимыми навыками и умениями, например, умением правильно распределя
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С РЕЧЕВЫМИ ОБРАЗЦАМИ
1. Проанализируйте речевые образцы с точки зрения трудностей, которые они могут представить для ваших учащихся. (Сравнение с родным языком и внутри языка может помочь вам в этом.)
Тренировочные упражнения
— имитационные (согласитесь, подтвердите и т. д.);
— трансформационные (переспросите, выразите удивление, не согласитесь, усомнитесь и т. д.);
— упражнения на зав
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С ТЕКСТОМ
1. Внимательно прочитайте текст и проанализируйте его с точки зрения трудностей, которые могут возникнуть у учащихся:
— в процессе громкого чтения (трудные слова, сочетани
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С ЛЕКСИКОЙ
1. Проанализируйте лексические единицы с точки зрения трудностей (по форме, значению и употреблению), которые они могут представлять для ваших учащихся.
2.
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ НАД ЭКСПРЕССИВНОЙ РЕЧЬЮ
1. Вспомните, какие формы экспрессивной речи вы знаете (монолог, диалог); какие виды (подготовленная, неподготовленная); какие стимулы используются в работе над экспрессивной речь
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С АУДИОТЕКСТОМ
1. Уточните конечную задачу работы с аудиотекстом (текст используется только для развития аудирования или на его основе будет развиваться говорение).
2. Исходя из задачи, п
УСТНОЙ РЕЧИ И ЧТЕНИЯ
1. Проанализируйте материал, над которым вам предстоит работать, с точки зрения фонетических трудностей и сгруппируйте его по фонетическим признакам, например, по ударной гласной,
НАВЫКОВ И УМЕНИЙ
1. Четко сформулируйте задачу письменного контроля, отберите необходимый материал и выберите форму контроля.
2. Вспомните некоторые методические рекомендации по проведению
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЭПИ- И ДИАФИЛЬМОВ
1. Сформулируйте задачи (общеобразовательные, воспитательные, развивающие, практические) вашего микроурока. Например, практическими задачами могут быть; развитие умений употреблять
Unit Five
Text. From: "The Lumber-Room" by H. Munro........................................................................ 134
Conversation and Discussion:
Difficult Children....
Unit Seven
From: "The Time of my life" by D. Healey
Text "Drawing Back the Curtain" ............................................................................................ 20
Appendix
Unit One..................................................................................................................................... 262
Unit Two..................
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
4 курс
Учебник для студентов педагогических вузов
Зав. редакцией А. И. Уткин
Редактор О. Б. Саакян
Макет облож
Новости и инфо для студентов