ЗАДАНИЕ по английскому языку для студентов

 

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Санкт-Петербургский государственный

архитектурно-строительный университет

 

 

Кафедра иностранных языков

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ № 111

 

по английскому языку для студентов II курса

специальностей 270102 – промышленное и гражданское строительство, 270106 – производство строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций, 270114 – проектирование зданий.

 

 

Санкт-Петербург

Под редакцией к.ф.н., доцент А.С.Глебовского

 

Составители: к.ф.н., доцент А.С.Глебовский

старший преподаватель Т.А.Денисова

 

 

Задание предназначено для аудиторного чтения для студентов II курса (осенний семестр) по специальностям 270102 – промышленное и гражданское строительство, 270106 – производство строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций, 270114 – проектирование зданий. Задание составлено на основе оригинальных англоязычных текстов по вопросам строительства зданий.

Цель задания - совершенствование знаний и навыков студентов, необходимых для получения информации в сфере их профессиональной деятельности. Задачи пособия:

- развитие навыков фонологически правильной речи,

- повторение и расширение знаний по грамматике английского языка, необходимых для понимания текстов по специальности,

- расширение словарного минимума по специальности.

Задание состоит из 12 уроков. Каждый урок включает два текста из оригинальной литературы и набор лексических, грамматических и фонетических упражнений к ним. Каждый четвёртый урок содержит, кроме того, текст для домашнего чтения.

Помимо учебных заданий пособие включает: описание знаков транскрипции, словарный минимум по специальности, поурочный список грамматических тем и список использованной литературы.

 

Рецензенты: доцент Л.Н. Борисова,

к.ф.н., доцент Л.Р. Данилова,

старший преподаватель В.А. Памфилова

УВАЖАЕМЫЕ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛИ И СТУДЕНТЫ!

Данное задание является элементом комплекса учебно-методических материалов для курса обучения студентов строительных специальностей английскому языку. Комплекс включает в себя:

· учебные задания по каждому из четырёх семестров обучения,

· краткий справочник по грамматике английского языка,

· сборник тестов для промежуточного контроля качества овладения студентами учебного материала.

Предлагаемое Вашему вниманию задание по своей структуре и методическим основам является продолжением учебных пособий №№ 108-109 для I курса.

Задание состоит из 12 уроков. Каждый урок включает:

· основной текст А для самостоятельного перевода со словарём,

· вспомогательный текст В для аудиторного перевода без словаря,

· вспомогательный текст С для домашнего чтения (в уроках 4, 8, 12),

· набор лексических, грамматических и фонологических упражнений.

Тексты A, B и C являются описаниями конструкционных особенностей зданий различных типов и взяты из оригинальных англоязычных текстов по вопросам строительства.

Фонологическая задача пособия – развитие навыков фонологически правильной речи, что подразумевает знание фонетической транскрипции и навыки пользования словарём.

Лексическая задача пособия – расширение минимально-необходимого набора общеупотребительной и терминологической лексики по строительной специальности.

На основе частотной дифференциации лексического материала текстов был выделен список высокочастотной лексики и список низкочастотной лексики. Высокочастотная лексика широко использована во всех типах тренировочных и контрольных заданий. Низкочастотная лексика (1-2 употребления на весь текстовой материал) дана в виде примечания к тексту с переводом на русский язык. В упражнениях и заданиях она также даётся с переводом. Исключение составляют только фонологические упражнения.

Новая лексика по текстам А и В дается в лексическом упражнении № 1 к соответствующему тексту. Новая лексика по текстам С в основном содержится в следующим за ним задании. Лексический состав упражнений определяется той, и только той, лексикой, которая уже была представлена в изученных на данный момент текстах.

Новая терминологическая лексика дана в словарном минимуме с указанием текста, в котором она впервые использована.

Грамматическая задача пособия – повторение и расширение знаний по грамматике английского языка, необходимых для перевода текстов по специальности и навыками правильного изложения их содержания в ответах на вопросы.

Список грамматических тем, которые повторяются или вводятся на каждом уроке дан в конце задания.

А.С.Глебовский

 

 

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

Урок 3.1............................................................................................................... 5

Урок 3.2............................................................................................................. 11

Урок 3.3............................................................................................................. 17

Урок 3.4............................................................................................................. 23

Урок 3.5............................................................................................................. 30

Урок 3.6............................................................................................................. 36

Урок 3.7............................................................................................................. 41

Урок 3.8............................................................................................................. 46

Урок 3.9............................................................................................................. 53

Урок 3.10........................................................................................................... 59

Урок 3.11........................................................................................................... 65

Урок 3.12........................................................................................................... 71

ЗНАКИ ФОНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ТРАНСКРИПЦИИ.......................................... 78

СЛОВАРНЫЙ МИНИМУМ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРМИНОВ I – III СЕМЕСТРОВ 80

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕМ ПО УРОКАМ................ 94

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ.......................................................................................... 95

 

Урок 3.1

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[breIs]; [bLd]; [pqVst]; ['brxkqt]; [klIp]; [»¸Ist]; ['mPdjHl]; ['bxtn]; [slqVp]; ['mJtq]; [gleIz]; ['xNgql]

B

model	bracket	board	joust	post
clip	slope	module	batten	button
joist	slip	angle	matter	angel
metre	glaze	brace

 

Текст A

KELDY CASTLE FOREST CABINS, CROPTON, YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND

The cabins are supported by 100 x 300 mm timber beams which rest on concrete ground beams or braced timber posts going to ground. The arrangement… Special panels for each type were made for the gable ends above the 2m module… Connections between the panels and timber beams are generally made by galvanised steel screws, 3.2 mm in diameter,…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

 

1. What kind of development is it?

2. What are the cabins made up from?

3. Why were special panels used?

4. How are the panel and beams connected?

5. Why does the cabin function as one unit with wind forces?

6. How long was the total period of construction on site?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   accommodation (n.), batten (n.), board (n.), brace (v.), bracket (n.), built-up (adj.), at centres, choose (v.), clip…

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите группы существительных:   timber beams, floor panels, shrinkage cracking, concrete masonry, storey height, roof slopes, wind forces, cavity wall…

Текст B

WPOLSTONE HOUSES, MILTON KEYNES, ENGLAND

This group of houses, part of a larger development of similar construction, is an example of the application of brickwork in which an external… The six-person two-storey house contains three main walls in the long… The object of the structural design is to keep the masonry everywhere in compression, under which it is strong, and…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

 

1. Why is an external cavity wall construction used?

2. What do three main walls in the long direction do?

3. What is the unusual feature of the house?

4. Why is the window on the south-east side a large one?

5. What is the object of the structural design?

6. How is it best achieved?

7. Why isn’t instability of masonry an important factor in these buildings?

 

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Какие времена использованы в тексте?

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте группы существительных.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте пример эмоционального использования глагола do.

 

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   boarding (n.), cavity wall, gravity load, scale (n.), solar (adj.), unusual (adj.).

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

['trxnspLt]; ['rIGId]; [Ik'spqVz]; [eG]; [plRnt]; ['swJdn]; ['Cxnl]; ['praIvIt]; ['feISq]; [rI'ses]; ['entrqns]; ['swItsqlqnd];

B

channel fascia canal plant

rigid expose recess n., v. fashion

planet expense edge private

entrance n. entrance v. Switzerland

transport n. transport v. Sweden

Текст A

TWO PRIVATE HOUSES

A private house in Commugny, Switzerland is a two-storey house without a basement. Entrance, staircase and heating plant are in the recess at… Columns consisting of sections, set in foundation pockets, are located on a… Glazed areas on the upper floor consist of storey-height solar heat-resistant glass in steel frames. The cladding…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What kind of house is the one in Commugny?

2. How is the rigid-jointed system of the house formed?

3. What is the exterior finish of the house?

4. What is the layout of a private house in Landskrona?

5. Why was the long block divided into six units?

6. How is a rigid framed structure formed?

 

Лексические упражнения

  angle section, channel section, cross-bracing (n.), decking (n.), edge beam,…  

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите сокращения:   ¼ in, 3.75×3.75 m square grid, 110 °F, 200 kg/m², 7.80×7.80 m on plan, 5×23 cm in…

Текст B

PRIVATE HOUSE NEAR STALLIKON, SWITZERLAND

The structural design of the house was made by A. Urech, Zurich. It is a standardised two-storey building which can be used for residential or… The upper storey is rectangular in plan 16.80 x 8.00 m with storey height 2.80… The elevated structure is supported by four external columns fixed in foundation pockets. It cantilevers at both ends…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. Who was the structural design of the house made by?

2. What can the building be used for?

3. How does the residential design differ (отличаться, различаться) from the office one?

4. What are the dimensions of the upper storey?

5. What is the structure supported by?

6. What forms the framework of the building?

7. What are the features of the façades of the building?

 

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте причастия I. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте причастный оборот и переведите его на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   cantilever (v.), cross bracing, glazing (n.), raise (v.), resi­dential (adj.), spiral stair­case, upright (n.)

Фонетическое задание

 

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[daI'xmItq]; [JC]; [SIq]; [aI'dentIkql]; [frRns]; ['stxgq]; [q'sembql]; ["IndI'vIGVql]; ['tjHbjVlq]; ['aIsqleIt]; [eId]; [saIz]

B

aid share stage tubular

size assemble shear each

add itch France individual

seize isolate ensemble

stagger diameter identical

 

Текст A

BLOCKS OF FLATS IN ROUEN, FRANCE

This residential development comprises 500 flats in 25 blocks with a total floor area of 38 500 m2. The blocks, each of which is a five-storey… The individual blocks are rectangular on plan with overall dimensions 23.70 x… Two types of large prefabricated units were used for the structural steelwork: shear wall assemb­lies consisting of…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

 

1. How large is this residential development?

2. What are the overall dimensions of an individual block?

3. Which prefabricated units were used for the structural steelwork?

4. Where are floor unit loads transmitted?

5. How were elements of the structure connected?

6. What do the columns bear on?

 

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   aid (n.), continuous column, dia (diameter) (n.), edge girder, floor area, ground floor, identical (adj.), mat (n.),…

Sixth Form College, Alton, Hampshire, England

(продолжение текста в упражнении 3 урока 3.6 стр. 33)  

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, определите, к какой части речи относятся подчеркнутые слова.   1. The joints in the top and bottom mats are interconnected diagonally by round steel bars and form a space frame. …

Текст B

HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT AT BALORNOCK, SCOTLAND

The development consists of eight multi-storey blocks comprising a total of 1356 flats. The flats, ranging from one to four rooms, are accommo­dated… Slab blocks are 93 x 11 m overall on plan, rising to 77 m and 71 m above… The structural steelwork for all the buildings transmits the vertical loads and also the horizontal wind forces.…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

 

1. How many flats do the blocks comprise?

2. What kinds of blocks does the development consist of?

3. How do the blocks differ (отличаться, различаться) in height?

4. What is the cross section of beams and columns?

5. How is wind-bracing achieved?

6. Why are the external columns and perimeter beams of the point blocks encased in concrete?

7. What kind of foundation was used?

Грамматическое упражнение

 

Найдите в тексте причастия I. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   accommo­date (v.), average (adj.), circulation core, inter­connection (n.), lattice (n.), point block, range (v.),…

Фонетическое задание

 

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

['fLwqd]; ['LltqneIt]; [q'maVnt]; [Ig'zIst]; ['sPfIt]; [sq'pLt]; [smHD]; [Ll'tWnIt]; ['PpqzIt]; [slaIt];

B

soffit slit opposite

exit forward support

alternate (adj.) slight amount

alternative smother exist

opposed alternate (v.) smooth

 

Текст A

ELIZABETH HOUSE. LEICESTER, ENGLAND

This residential building is 16 storeys high consisting, on elevation, of cast-in-place concrete end walls and of storey-height precast concrete… The building consists of the external walls and a series of 175mm internal… At each typical floor level, there are a total of 15 different types of shaped cladding panels out of a total of 18…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. How many storeys are there in the residential building?

2. What are the features of the external walls?

3. What connects the floor to the walls and edge beams?

4. What makes the 15 types of shaped cladding panels different?

5. What are horizontal forces taken by?

6. How long was the total period of construction?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   alternate (v.), amount (v.), cross wall, end wall, forward (adj., adv.), found (v.), gap (n.), opposite (adv.), set…

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив, а также на объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты.

 

1. The Romans made extensive use of the arch to distribute thrust more evenly.

2. We expect the builders to show good results.

3. The construction of the factory is believed to finish at the end of this year.

4. The usual design technique is to check the footing stresses in order to assure the adequate thickness.

5. To make a joint watertight certain materials should be used.

6. Galvanised steel bolts are used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam above.

7. To keep the masonry everywhere in compression is the main object of the structural design.

8. We know the building technique to be an important branch of modern construction.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, определите функцию слова that.

 

1. It is known, that all loadbearing walls are founded on heavy ground beams.

2. At roof level, the depth of the panel is reduced compared to that at typical floor levels.

3. That the ground floor area is open is due to the buildings being raised off the ground on pillars.

4. The precast concrete elements, that form structure for each unit, consist of wall and floor panels.

5. That long precast beam runs along the south side.

6. The work in the factory started two months earlier than that on site.

7. The house is unusual in that the main central wall is both an internal and an external one.

 

Текст B

HOUSING ESTATE AT TARANTO, ITALY

This residential development comprises 460 flats, accommodated in point blocks four or nine storeys high and long four-storey blocks. The latter,… A uniform structural system was used for all the buildings. In the two… In the construction of the floors reinforced concrete T-beams were used spanning between outside and central beams.…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1. What kinds of blocks are there in this residential development?

2. What is the difference in the floor plan of the blocks?

3. Why is the ground floor area largely open?

4. What are the features of the structural system of all the buildings?

5. How were structural elements connected?

6. Where were T-beams used?

7. Describe the foundation of the building.

 

Грамматическое упражнение

 

Найдите в тексте причастия I. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

 

Лексические упражнения

  access (n.), bearing pressure, pad foundation, pin-joint (v.), strip…  

Текст C

SPELMAN HALLS, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, NEW JERSEY, USA

The development is made up of eight-house units. Each house unit is an assembly of precast concrete elements and glazing, with further internal… The floor panels are 8in (203mm) thick but have different spans, the different… There are two types of horizontal joint between the wall panel units. The 11¾ in (286mm) internal cross wall,…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

2. Which beams are post-tensioned? 3. How are the floor panels attached to the beams? 4. What do the wall panels rest on?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

 

A	B	A	B
above	строительный раствор	mortar	первоначально
adjacent	тонированный	partition	элемент
adjustment	замкнутое пространство	post-tension v.	выступать
apply	перегородка	precisely	тот же
attach	лестничный марш	project v.	прикреплять
cantilever v.	подвергать последующему напряжению (бетон)	provide	тонна
connector	первый (из перечисленных)	relatively	угол
corner	полка	shelf	соединитель
division	относительно	strip footing	крепить
enclosure	ленточный фундамент	the former	выше
far	дальнейший	the same	дальний
fix v.	консольно выступать	thin	применять
flight	обеспечивать	through	образовывать
form v.	тонкий	tinted	разделение
further	через	ton	регулировка
initially	точно	unit	соседний

Урок 3.5

Фонетическое задание

 

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[kLd]; [daI'xgqnql]; ['GIpsqm]; [vOId]; [hqV'tel]; [kqm'plJt]; [qV'mIt]; [kqn'venSqnql]; [skJm]; ['steIbIlaIz]

B

conventional compete gypsum

void convectional scheme

hotel complete chord

omit chard skim

stabilise gypsy diagonal

 

Текст A

HYATT REGENCY HOTEL, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY, USA

Conventional steel framing is used on the lowest four floors of the hotel, but a staggered truss system is used in the upper part of the building,… As soon as the trusses were erected, the floor planks were used to stabilise… The staggered truss system is most suitable for narrow shaped buildings which can accept cross walls and is thus of…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

2. What are the dimensions of the column grid at the lower levels? 3. What kind of concrete are the floor slabs made of? 4. Why are the diagonals at the centre of the trusses omitted?

Лексические упражнения

  chord (n.), clad (adj.), complete (v.), conventional (adj.), diagonal (n.),…  

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив и инфинитивные обороты. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложениях.

 

1. The method permits high-strength concrete to be used economically.

2. The purpose is to reduce shrinkage cracking.

3. The buildings have to be given additional bracing.

4. The concrete to be used is lightweight.

5. All concrete below the neutral axis is considered to be in tension and cracked, and therefore ineffective.

6. It is impossible to build modern houses without the knowledge of new techniques.

7. A factor to consider is the space between the roof structure and the ceiling.

8. Non-loadbearing internal walls should possess the necessary strength and stability to support their own weight.

9. To avoid stresses in the panels due to temperature differences, rigid connections are provided at the centre of each panel.

10. To apply the prestress the tendons are anchored to the concrete.

11. The precast concrete edge beam helps to support the floor slab.

12. Prestressing allows the load applied to be balanced.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите существительные с суффиксом –ion. Определите от каких слов они образованы.

 

accommodation	connection	incorporation	projection
application	deflection	interconnection	relation
circulation	erection	location	selection
completion	expansion	operation	tension

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на функцию слова it.

 

1. Galvanised steel bolts are used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam above and long screws connect it to the floor panel below.

2. It is a standardised two-storey building.

3. Shrinkage is the permanent contraction of concrete caused by loss of water after it hardens.

4. Even if it is decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it also supports part of the wall.

5. It is difficult to concrete a thin wall because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

6. In most cases deep foundations are utilized only where it is not possible to have shallow foundations.

7. It is characteristic of steel-framed buildings that the floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only.

8. Low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop.

 

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

 

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

 

Текст B

BOULTON HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

This is a residential building containing bedrooms for students. The building structure consists of eighteen precast concrete H-frames around the… All infill panels on the east and west sides as well as corner panels and the… The ground floor is set back from the perimeter and enclosed by a cavity brick wall. Inside, the ground floor has a…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Who is this residential building for?

2. What kind of foundation does the building have?

3. What are the concrete slabs at each floor level supported by?

4. How thick is the insulation of the infill panels?

5. What kind of ceiling is used for the ground floor?

6. Where are the internal columns omitted?

7. Why does the spandrel of the H-frame have its top sloped back towards the building?

 

Грамматическое упражнение

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте существительные с суффиксом –ion. Определите от каких слов они образованы.

 

Лексические упражнения

  back (n., adj., adv.), pocket (n.), spandrel (n.), towards (prep.), upwards… Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

["Intq'sept]; ['tWmIneIt]; [rIq]; [In'klaIn]; ['xNkqrIG]; ['mezqnJn]; ['tjHnIs]; [GOInt]; [sI'metrIkql]; [Ik'stWnl]

B

anchorage mezzanine giant

symmetrical terminal external

rear incline v. incline n.

intercept rare terminate

Tunis interpret joint

Текст A

HOTEL DE LAC, TUNIS

The hotel with 416 rooms has ten upper storeys which cantilever progressively outwards like wings. The bedrooms are situated on the south… The overall dimensions of the hotel on plan are as follows: 44.40 x 12.50 m on… The structural steel frame consists of pin-jointed members including main columns in the two longitudinal facades and…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the characteristic feature of this hotel design? 2. How is vertical circulation within the building provided? 3. How do the overall dimensions of the hotel on plan change from the first to the tenth floor?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   anchorage (n.), intercept (v.), mezzanine (n.), plate girder, podium (n.), rear (n.), rear­wards (adv.), ribbed floor,…

Sixth Form College, Alton, Hampshire, England

  The high walls, which form the hall space, are (1)… by the roof and the wall… Vertical movement joints are provided in the external walls at (3)… of about 9m and positioned where weakening occurs…

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите прилагательные с суффиксом –al и наречия с суффиксом –ly. Определите от каких слов они образованы. Образуйте от…   actual clearly functional …  

Текст B

JOLLY HOTEL, ROME

The structural design was made by G. Covre, M. Ferretti, Rome. The hotel has 170 bedrooms on seven upper floors. The building is divided into… The hotel has an irregular shape on plan with maximum overall dimensions 66.0… The functional division of the building is clearly shown in its construction. In front of the glazed areas of the…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Who was the structural design of the hotel made by?

2. What are the maximum overall dimensions of the hotel?

3. What is the column spacing?

4. Why are stubs of the cross beams welded to the fascia beams?

5. What are the floors made of?

6. What are they supported by?

7. How are wind forces transmitted?

 

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте прилагательные с суффиксом –al и наречия с суффиксом –ly. Определите от каких слов они образованы.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте сложноподчинённое предложение и определите его структуру.

 

Лексические упражнения

  cross beam, face (v.), stub (n.), troughing (n.)  

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[kjHb]; [bI'jPnd]; [dIs'pleIs]; ['gWdq]; [haIt]; [raIz]; ['pxrIs]; ['pLtl]; ['stLrI]; [sq'spend]

B

rise hate cub

Paris portal girder

height displace suspend

beyond cube partial

guide storey raise

Текст A

STUDENTS' HALL OF RESIDENCE, PARIS

It is a residential accommodation for students com­prising 96 rooms located on eight floors. Vertical circulation is provided by two lifts and a… Rigid frame system with suspended storeys is used in the construction. Three… Wind forces in both directions are distributed uniformly by the floors to the rigid hangers and are transmitted…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How many buildings does this development consist of?

2. How is vertical circulation within the building provided?

3. What system is used in the construction?

4. How are cross-beams arranged?

5. How are wind forces transmitted?

6. What was used for the structural connection of the elements?

7. What are floors made up of?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   cross girder, displace (v.), low-rise (adj.), mid-height (n.), portal (n.), rolled steel

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения и определите функцию причастия I и II, обратите внимание на независимый причастный оборот.

 

1. The facades are made of continuous steel mullions of weathering steel, spaced at 1.20 m centres.

2. Vertical steel bracing is the less expensive solution, especially when arranged in large bays or panels.

3. The blended cements consist of mixtures of Portland cement and graded admixtures.

4. Shrinkage when restrained leads to cracking.

5. The structural design of the house made by A. Urech is simple.

6. The residential building has a cantilevered balcony at one end.

7. The elevated structure is supported by four external columns fixed in foundation pockets.

8. The floor panels have different spans, the different slab strengths, thus required, being provided by post-tensioning.

9. When in the required position, the gap between the floor and wall panels is filled with mortar.

10. Pin-jointed to the columns there are secondary beams.

Упражнение 2. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов, используя суффикс – ment и переведите их:

 

adjust, arrange, attach, base, develop, equip, measure, move, place, reinforce, require, settle.

 

Упражнение 3. Работа в парах.

 

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

 

Текст B

PHYSICAL EDUCATION COLLEGE, MAGGLINGEN, SWITZERLAND

The structural design of the physical education college was made by Steelwork contractors. The classrooms, lecture rooms, administrative offices and… The framework comprises rolled steel columns and 760 mm deep lattice girders… The facades are made of continuous steel mullions of wea­thering steel, spaced at 1.20m centres. Between them there…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Who was the structural design of the college made by ?

2. What are the two main blocks the building consists of?

3. What does the framework comprise?

4. What are the imposed loads on floor?

5. What are the facades made of?

6. How is the building fixed to the ground?

 

Грамматическое упражнение

 

Найдите в тексте причастия II. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   composite construction, library (n.), retaining wall, shear connector, surmount (v.), technical services

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

['xkVrqsI]; [SI'kRgqV]; [kq'lxps]; [In'kLpqreIt]; ["qVvqr'Ll]; [prI'vent]; ['prInsIpql]; ['slendq]; [sqb'stxnSql]; ['vxljuqbql]

B

Chicago accusatory incorporate

slander principle incorporated

overall adj. overall n. prevent

printable accuracy substantial

collapse valuable slender

Текст A

THE HAREWOOD HOTEL, MARYIEBONE, LONDON, ENGLAND.

This hotel is an example of the use of loadbearing masonry. A thick reinforced concrete raft foundation is used to distribute the column… The concrete frame takes all vertical and horizontal loads including moderate wind forces. At the accommodation levels…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

2. What is it used for? 3. Which part of the structure is made of masonry? 4. How are lateral and rotational movements resisted?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   accuracy (n.), effective height, collapse (n.), return wall, rather than.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, с усилительной конструкцией.

 

1. It is in 1824 that Portland cement appeared.

2. It is cast-in-place reinforced concrete that can be applied to non-standard areas and shapes.

3. It was the wall thickness that established a minimum width for the footing.

4. It is in mild climates that footings are often placed a very short distance below the ground surface.

5. It is high grade steel which is necessary for heavily stressed foundations.

6. It is porous concrete that is the most effective in sound absorption.

7. It is good resistance to most corrosive agents that makes glass so attractive for builders.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите прилагательные с суффиксами – ive и –able. Определите от каких слов они образованы.

 

adaptable	comparable	effective	reflective
additive	competitive	movable	reliable
allowable	compressive	protective	successive
alternative	desirable	reasonable	suitable

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения. Определите тип предложений.

 

1. If it is decided to use a square footing, it needs to be larger.

2. If built of hollow masonry units they should have the voids filled with concrete.

3. If this distance is great, because of the need to reach adequate soil for bearing, the walls may be quite high.

4. If the basement floor is a significant distance below grade, major soil pressure will be exerted horizontally against the outside of the wall.

5. If the walls and columns were monolithically constructed, some load sharing could not be avoided.

6. For the column, if it were freestanding and not in the line of the wall, the required square footing would be 6 ft² thick.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения обращая внимание на функцию герундия.

 

1. The elements are joined to one another by bolting these girders together.

2. Wind-bracing is achieved by vertical lattice systems in the party walls between the flats.

3. The most effective way of resisting horizontal loads, for any given plan area, is to use a cantilever with a solid section.

4. A further increase in stiffness can be provided in steel buildings by using a shear truss.

5. This is best achieved by applying gravity loads down the center of walls.

6. These walls receive a certain amount of vertical load, if only for counterbalancing the tensile forces that would otherwise be caused by bending moments.

7. The different slab strengths thus required is provided by post-tensioning.

 

Упражнение 5. Работа в парах.

 

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

 

Текст B

ALPHA HOTEL, AMSTERDAM

This hotel with 603 bedrooms has a low-rise podium surmounted by two staggered slab blocks connected to an 18-storey central core. Vertical… The slab blocks comprise transverse frames, spaced at 4.0 m intervals, each… The 13 cm thick prestressed concrete slabs, 4.0 x 1.50 m, are connected to the beams in the transverse frames by…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How large is the hotel?

2. How is vertical circulation within the building provided?

3. Why is the construction depth of the floors merely the thickness of the pre­stressed concrete slabs?

4. What is the column spacing in the transverse direction?

5. What are the dimensions of the prestressed concrete slabs?

6. How were transverse frames assembled?

 

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.   A B A B только as …  

Текст C

BUILDINGS FOR EDUCATION

Technical college at Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland

The same structural system is used in all the buildings. Reinforced concrete basement is surmounted by tubular columns arranged on a square planning… The columns are made of storey height steel tubes 318 mm in diameter. Two… Curtain wall with storey-height glazing framed in stainless steel sections is used for the facade. They are made of…

High school in Chicago, USA

In the transverse direction there is a rigid frame system comprising universal columns and uni­versal beams. The columns are arranged on a 9.14 x… The columns and beams are encased in concrete and sheathed externally with… Both buildings are supported by caissons founded on rock or stable subsoil at 11 m depth.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

2. How is horizontal circulation between the buildings provided? 3. What does the structural system of all the buildings include? 4. What are the features of the columns?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

 

А	B	А	B
underground passage	грунтовое основание	temporary	трубчатая колонна
friction-grip bolt	балка коробчатого сечения	stainless steel	двойное остекление
double glazing	нержавеющая сталь	box girder	так чтобы
stud shear connector	решётка; сетка	caisson	полость
tubular column	сдвигоустойчивый болт	curtain wall	подземный переход
end plate	соединять внакрой	demountable	служить
footbridge	навесная стена	by means of	средник
serve	соответствующий	cavity	в течение
so as	свая-колонна	grid	соединять
square	посредством	link	квадратный
respective	лёгкий	splice	торцевая пластина
gusset plate	разборный	lightweight	усилительная накладка
pinned joint	пешеходный мост	mullion	шарнирное соединение
during	анкерный соединительный элемент	subsoil	временный

Урок 3.9

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

["dIfq'renSql]; [pq'vIljqn]; ['keIbql]; ['jVqrqp]; ['daVnwqd]; ['krLlq]; ['gxlqrI]; ["qVvq'hxN]; [q'pRt]; [depT]

B

overhang v. downward gallery

depth differential debt

Europe apart cable

Cobble galley crawler

overhang n. downwind pavilion

 

Текст A

SPORTS HALL FOR SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS AND SPORT, MAGGLINGEN, SWITZERLAND

The lowest four metres of the building, which mostly are below ground, are of concrete construction. The structure above this level is entirely of… The prestressing cables cause additional tension in the upper members and… Each space truss was erected in three sections, each of these sections in turn being made up by bolting together…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the roof structure made of?

2. What does a truss consist of?

3. What is it supported by?

4. What is achieved by the use of the prestressing cables?

5. What was the construction technique used for space truss erection?

6. What else is unusual about this steel frame?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   cable (n.), differential movement, overhang (v.), plane truss, snow load, space truss.

Sixth Form College, Alton, Hampshire, England

  There (1)… diagonal bracing in the plane of the roof and in one of the planes…  

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы с суффиксом -ing.

 

1. A raft is produced by making the entire bottom of the building as one large footing.

2. Walls may be used as spanning members, carrying their own weight as well as some supported loads.

3. There are structural actions of foundation elements, involving internal stresses and strains.

4. Steel frames are convenient in buildings in which central heating or air conditioning plant has to be provided.

5. The load transmission conditions being approximately the same in both directions, a planning with a square mesh is often adopted, this being typical of in-situ concrete construction.

6. The walls of the staircase do not perform a structural function in stiffening the building.

7. Separate panels can readily be removed without damaging adjacent ones.

8. Rainwater run-off from a concrete roof can be obtained more economically by sloping the roof beams.

9. The load-carrying structure of an upper floor transmits the loads acting directly upon it to the supports.

10. This is best achieved by providing frequent lateral supports to the walls so that bending and tensile stresses are low.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение.

 

1. One belt truss would be best placed somewhere between the half and three-quarter points in the height of the building.

2. The trusses then function as if they were continuous constructions.

3. These shear walls counterbalance the tensile forces that would otherwise be caused by bending moments.

4. The unit would not fall out if the pressure were enough.

5. If a high strength steel had been used, it would have produced a lighter structure.

6. Cast-in-place slab system is practical where irregular floor designs would make it difficult to form similar precast units.

7. If foundation walls are quite high, a basement is required.

 

Упражнение 3. Работа в парах.

 

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

IBM EXHIBITION PAVILION, EUROPE

Part I

The pavilion is specially designed to be easy to demount, transport and re-erect. It is entirely clad in a transparent plastic, which also doubles up as part of the structure. The plastic is moulded into units which are light and pyramid-shaped for strength.

The design of the superstructure is practically the design of a single arch element which, on each side of the arch, consists of six transparent polycarbonate plastic pyramids with a single outer laminated timber chord, joining the tops of the pyramids together, and with two inner laminated timber chords, attached to the base corners of the pyramid. These inner chords are 1.20m apart and are joined to each other near the pyramid corners by timber cross-members, at right angles to them, thus forming a 'ladder'. The two halves of the arch unit are joined to each other at the apex by pin connections between the two timber 'ladders'; there is no structural connection between the polycarbonate pyramids at the apex. Thirty-four such arches placed at 1,40m centres, with a joint between each one, make up the superstructure.

The arch units are fixed to a raised steel floor structure. It consists of 450mm deep light steel lattice trusses, which are at 1,40m centres, on the joint lines, and span between short steel legs at each side and in the centre of the arch span; each leg is made of a threaded bar and tube which allows adjustment for height. These trusses connect on each side, in the centre and at two other intermediate points, to other trusses of the same depth at right angles to them. The floor panels are 1.40m wide and span between the trusses. They consist of a 55mm deep corrugated steel deck which supports 20mm floor board through bent metal strips.

Notes:

demount v. демонтировать

mould v. формовать

threaded adj. имеющий резьбу

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

 

1. Why was this particular design chosen for the structure?

2. What element is the superstructure design based on?

3. How many elements make up the superstructure?

4. What does the floor structure consist of?

5. What kind of steel was used for the deck?

 

Грамматическое упражнение

 

Найдите в тексте формы с суффиксом - ing. Определите их функцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   apex (n.), arch (n.), corrugated (adj.), cross-member (n.), ladder (n.), lattice truss, pavilion (n.), polycarbonate…

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[trxn'spxrqnt]; ['eIpeks]; [naI'GIqrIq]; ["pxrq'bPlIk]; [I'kwIvqlqnt]; [pIC]; ['lxtIs]; ['lxdq]; [RC]; ["eksI'bISqn]

B

apex ladder apace

Parabola Nigeria arch

arc pitch transparent

lattice latter parabolic

patch exhibition equivalent

Текст A

SPORTS CENTRE, SOKOTO, NIGERIA

At spans measuring more than about 50 metres cable trusses can be competitive with the standard rigid plane truss and have a practical span limit of… The sports centre can hold 4000 visitors and has an area of 3900 sq m. It… Working stresses in the cables are 600 newtons per sq mm.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why were cable trusses used in the structure?

2. What is the drawback of the cables?

3. How was it overcome?

4. Where is the pitch set?

5. How was concrete seating built?

6. What is the roof structure of the sports centre?

7. What are the working stresses in the cables?

 

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   newton, parabolic (adj.), sheet metal, sq mm, cover (v.), either (adj.), equivalent (adj.), fully (adv.), nearly…

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом без причастия.

 

1. The houses part of a large development, they are of similar construction.

2. In this school two types of corrugated steel panels are used to form the complete outer shell, with one panel half the length of the other.

3. The building is situated on a slope, its façade to the sout-east.

4. Each slab block has three vertical circulation cores, with one core to each point block.

5. The soil not stable, piles were used for the foundation.

 

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, определите, к какой части речи относятся подчеркнутые слова.

 

1. At spans exceeding about 50 metres cable trusses can be competitive with the standard rigid plane truss.

2. Large-section steel sheets span between the longitudinal members of the truss and at the gable ends.

3. The structural design is dominated by the need to allow for thermal movement of the polycarbonate.

4. This construction doesn’t need any precast elements.

5. The upper members have a link with adjacent trusses.

6. A bridge at first-floor level is to link the first two buildings.

7. Trusses have a practical span limit of up to about 150 metres.

8. The building incorporated slender reinforced concrete columns within the thickness of the brick walls to limit the area of damage.

 

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных.

 

1. The weight of the heaviest plate is less than six tonnes.

2. The lower levels have a column grid of 28×20 ft and a framing scheme, which have the main beams spanning the shorter and the secondary beams the longer dimension of this grid.

3. A typical floor took less than four days to complete.

4. The staggered truss system is best suited to narrow shaped buildings.

5. Brick is one of the oldest and the first man-made building material.

6. Only the minimum number of loadbearing walls is provided in order to simplify the scheme and make erection quicker.

7. In practice the highest belt truss is often placed at the top of the building.

8. The higher the floor the smaller is its area.

 

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

 

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

IBM EXHIBITION PAVILION, EUROPE

Part II

Although free to rotate radially, the cross-pin is fixed in the building's long direction so that wind forces in this direction are transferred to… The structural design is influenced by the need to allow for thermal movement…  

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the polycarbonate pyramids formed from?

2. How are elements of the pyramids joined?

3. How are wind forces transferred?

4. Why are the inner radial edges of the pyramids stiffened by aluminium channels?

5. How is thermal movement of the polycarbonate allowed for?

 

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1.Найдите в тексте предложения с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите их на русский язык.

 

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   axial load, mid-point (n.), node (n.), radial (adj.), radius (n.), rotate (v.), slotted (adj.)

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

['reIdIqs]; ['xksIql]; ['lPGIkql]; ['kPrqgeItId]; ['speIsq]; ['refqrqns]; [rqV'teIt]; [nqVd]; ['mPdIfaI]; ['GWmqnI]

B

logical	spacer	modifier	rotate	radius
refinance	reference	scarce	nod	node
modify	corrugated	axle	axial	Germany

 

Текст A

LA LUMIERE GYMNASIUM LA PORTE, INDIANA, USA

Traditionally, shell structures of anything more than moderate span have been built of reinforced concretes, or reinforced cement pastes, with… All arch panels are galvanised steel just over 2ft (600mm) wide and curved to… The shells are supported at ground level by concreting into a lightly reinforced edge beam resting on a shallow strip…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why was steel shell structure chosen?

2. What does the shell of the building consist of?

3. How are arch panels joined together?

4. What is there between the outer and inner shell?

5. How are the shells supported at ground level?

6. What is the structure of the building facade?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на английский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:   распорка, всего лишь, оболочковая конструкция, умеренный, цементное тесто, варьироваться, четверть, дюйм, даже,…

Schulitz House, Beverly Hills, California, USA

The (1)… is a steel frame with 6 x 6 in (2)… tubular columns that (3)… two main channel beams (швеллерная балка) on either side; these support steel…  

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функцию глагола to have.   1. They have square cross-section and are weakly glued one to the other.

Текст B

EISSTADION, BRAUNLAGE, WEST GERMANY

Part I

An asymmetrical but balanced-looking arrange­ment of masts and cables that cover this ice-skating stadium are visible from a long way away.

The principal cable-supported frame has two steel masts of rectangular section, each leaning slightly outwards and supporting twin box-section ridge beams passing either side of it. The span is 82 metres. The ridge beams have an apex which is nine metres nearer to the mast on the south side. There are two cables at each suspension point except the two central points which have four to compensate for the shallower cable angle there; the cables pass in the gap between the twin beams and are attached to 1.60m diameter steel cylinders which are cut in and welded to the beams.

The cylinders are subsequently filled with concrete to ensure that the cables are properly anchored to them. Twin 200 x 1650 mm laminated timber beams span 24m between the ridge beams and slender steel columns set in from the perimeter; the columns have pinned connections top and bottom to eliminate any bending moment, which would increase their size. Timber purlins at 3.75m centres span between the laminated beams and prevent buckling or twisting; steel angles, in turn, span between the third points of the purlins and brace them. Each 9m bay of the roof is cross-braced with steel flats. Galvanised steel sheet, with a plastic coating is attached to the purlins. Timber secondary roof members were selected being preferred to steel as this was thought to be more suitable for a building in a holiday area.

Two transverse frames, one at each end, are connected to four concrete columns at the corners of the building. These columns absorb all torsion on the building as well as the wind forces in the east-west direction transferred to it by the roof.

Notes:

cross-brace v. соединять крестовыми связями

holiday area зона отдыха

ice-skating stadium ледовый стадион

lean v. наклоняться

suspension point точка подвески

torsion n. кручение

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the main visible features of the stadium?

2. Why does the structure look asymmetrical?

3. How are cables anchored?

4. What members of the structure was timber used for?

5. Why was timber chosen?

6. What absorbs all torsion on the building?

 

Грамматические упражнения

 

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте предложение с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом и переведите его на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте местоимения this (these)/that (those) и переведите их на русский язык.

 

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из…   asymmetrical (adj.), box-section (n.), cylinder (n.), mast (n.), purlin (n.), ridge beam, third point, twin (adj.),…

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке A, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

[traI'xNgjVlq]; [hjHG]; [q'rJnq]; ['pWlIn]; ['sIlIndq]; ["eIsI'metrIkql]; [twIn]; ['vIzIbql]; ['tLSqn]; [maIld]

B

torsion mild huge

twin arena iron

cylinder visible hug

triangle twine visual

purlin asymmetrical triangular

Текст A

CROSBY KEMPER ARENA, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI, USA

When large column free spaces are required, the structure of the building is a major element in the design. A good example is provided by this arena… The space trusses are 27ft high and made of mild steel tubes of 48in diameter…  

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How is column free space for this arena provided?

2. What are the dimensions of the space trusses?

3. Which member of the space truss resists compressive forces?

4. How are secondary roof trusses positioned?

5. What are the differences in the loading of the space trusses?

6. How is stiffness of the roof surface provided?

7. What are the features of the wall cladding?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания: arena (n.), huge (adj.), triangular (adj.), web member.  

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию it is/was … that… .   1. It is connection of precast concrete units that can be a major construction problem.

Текст B

EISSTADION, BRAUNLAGE, WEST GERMANY

Part II

The total period of construction was 24 months. Steelwork was brought onto site in large sections and welded up in position. With heavy snow loading a structure of strength and rigidity was required.… Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the effect of the masts and cables?

2. When do cables go slack?

3. How is the effect of forces due to temperature variations decreased?

4. What was the total period of construction?

5. How has reasonable economy of the construction been achieved?

 

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте неличные формы глагола и переведите их на русский язык.

 

Лексические упражнения

  A B A B вызывать anchorage point следовать за pattern главная …   Упражнение 2. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

Текст C

LEVELING THE PLAYING FIELD

The site for the new 18,800-seat Target Center sports arena was a difficult one. While most of the site was limestone bed­rock, the northwest corner… Typical spread footings were placed away from the channel, where the limestone… Drilled piers designed for founding on sandstone because of the limited limestone thickness, were placed near the…

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

 

1. Why was the site a difficult one?

2. What were the three footing types the engineers used?

3. What did the use of spread footings result in?

4. Why were drilled piers placed near the channel's edge?

5. What is the structure of the arena floor?

6. How do the cast-in-place columns under the floor area function?

7. What are the trusses of the roof system made of?

8. How are they joined?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

 

А	B	А	B
bear	в свою очередь	limestone	обычный
bearing stratum	вертикальная опора	live load	опираться
bed­rock	песчаник	lower	опускать
column spacing	верхнее положение	movable floor	отдельный фундамент
conical point	временная нагрузка	pier	площадка
con­ventionally	грунт	sand­stone	подвижной пол
elevated	домкрат	shale	подгонка
embed	заглублять	site	приподнятый
fitting	известняк	slope	сланец
grade	иметь наклон	soil	схема сетки колонн
column grid pattern	коническое остриё	spread footing	хотя
in turn	коренная порода	two-way slab	шаг колонн
ineffi­cient	марка	up po­sition	грунтовое несущее основание
jack	недостаточный	while	плита с перекрёстной рабочей арматурой

 

ЗНАКИ ФОНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ ТРАНСКРИПЦИИ

Произношение в упражнениях задания и словаре даётся по международной фонетической системе.

Ударение в фонетической транскрипции ставится перед ударным слогом. Второстепенное ударение ставится внизу перед ударным слогом.

Гласные звуки

I – краткий, открытый и e – как э в словах этот, эти · - очень открытый э, как ударный гласный в слове бяка

Двугласные звуки

ÂÁ - э^й

q½ - э^у

aÁ - а^й

a½ - а^у

¸Á - о^й

Áq - и^а

eq - э^а

½q - у^а

Согласные звуки

Ä – б Å - м Æ – звук образуется, когда губы, в положении как при свисте, резко раздвигаются. Напоминает звук у.

СЛОВАРНЫЙ МИНИМУМ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРМИНОВ I – III СЕМЕСТРОВ

abut­ment[q'bAtmqnt]n.пята арки, свода; устой, концевая опора; контрфорс1.8C access ['xkses] n. подход, подъезд, проезд; доступ; вход 3.4B accommodate [q'kPmqdeIt] v. предоставлять жильё; размещаться 3.3B

РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕМ ПО УРОКАМ

БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

2. Hart, Franz. Multi-storey Building in Steel. London, 1978, ISBN 0-258-96974-1. 3. Francis, Arthur J. Structural Design of Tall Steel Buildings. New York,… ISBN 0-07-022701-5.