Energy taxation. - раздел Иностранные языки, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК The European Commission Proposed In March 1997 A Directive For Restructuring ...
The European Commission proposed in March 1997 a Directive for restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products – COM(97) 30 – and various alternatives have been discussed by the Council of Ministers since then.
Eurofer is concerned that such energy tax proposals, if implemented, would seriously undermine the enormous efforts made by the European steel industry over many years to rationalize and improve its performance and they would make further improvements of energy efficiency more difficult. Points of contention between the steel industry and the EU taxation proposals are:
• The use of a fiscal measure to promote a reduction in energy consumption and CO2 emissions is misconceived. The imposition of additional taxation is not suitable for a reduction in energy consumption by industrial sectors whose production processes are necessarily energy-intensive; it will simply increase the unit cost of such production at the expense of the cash flow from which R&D and new energy efficient installations are financed. The progress already made by the steel industry in improving its energy efficiency should be recognized. Over the past 35 years, the EU steel industry has reduced both its energy consumption and CO2, emissions by about 50%per tone of rolled steel. Fiscal measures would be counter-productive in that they would reduce the ability of the industry to continue research for further improvement of energy efficiency. Instead, positive initiatives to actively promote such research would be supported by the industry.
• The coke and other fossil materials used in blast furnaces, representing a large proportion of all fossil materials used in the steel industry, are chemical reductions. not fuels. Therefore, they should not be taxed as a form of energy.
• There already exists a significant imbalance between the EU and its major international competitors in the energy costs they face. It has been estimated that energy prices for industry in the USA for instance are 30-40% lower than those faced by European industry without any marked difference in specific energy consumption. Additional taxes in Europe would simply aggravate this imbalance and seriously undermine the competitive position of EU industry. Previous proposals from the Commission for a generalized energy tax recognized this fact by making its application conditional on the introduction of measures with similar effect, notably in those regions of the world that are major economic competitors of the Community. Eurofer regrets that this conditionality is totally absent from the present draft Directive.
• In some Member Slates, there arc already negotiated agreements or voluntary commitments, existing or in preparation, concerning energy efficiency or CO. emissions in the steel industry. Introduction of an energy tax would make it impossible for the industry to continue honoring such commitments.
• The Commission uses the balance of the internal market as the principal justification for its proposal. However, there is nothing in the present proposal to prevent an application by certain Member States of the excise duties at different levels over and above the minimum rates set out in the Directive. Indeed, there are conditions in the draft Directive, which could aggravate present distortions in the internal market. For instance, while in the preamble Member States are urged in the application of this measure to recall the principle of tax neutrality, reducing proportionately the tax burden related to employment, there is no mandatory obligation on them to do so. Equally, the lax exemptions proposed for energy-intensive users are extremely limited and again their application is not completely mandatory but partly discretionary. The tax burden on energy intensive industries would therefore undoubtedly significantly increase, but to different degrees throughout the Community.
• The political implications of this initiative at a time when the level of unemployment is particularly sensitive must be taken into account. Such a measure can only accelerate moves to relocation by industry to regions where production costs are lower.
Все темы данного раздела:
My Speciality
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) choose (chose,
chosen), v
– выбирать
2) daily, adj
My Speciality
There are many faculties in the South Urals State University. But those students who have chosen the career in metallurgy study at the Metallurgical department. I’m a student of the Metallurgical D
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
I. Повторите, запомните следующие слова:
1) appearance, n – внешний вид
2) compose, v – составлять
3) dense, a – плотный
4) feature, n – особенно
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals. Alloys
It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metals. It is diffi
Iron and Iron Ores
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1) associate, v – соединять(ся)
2) as well as – также, а также
3) cheap, a – дешевый
4) cost, n – стоимость
5)
Iron and Iron Ores
Iron is the only metal that can be found in almost every part of the world. It’s the fourth element in abundance on the earth, being exceeded by oxygen, silicon and aluminum. It is the cheapest of
Grey Cast Iron
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) distribution, n – распределение, распространение
2) flake, n – чешуйка, хлопья (мн.ч.)
3) include, v – включать
4) s
Grey Cast Iron
Grey cast iron is one of the most valued of cast metals. It may be made by melting pig iron and scrap in the cheapest of melting processes, the cupola, and then cast into sand molds
Casting
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1) accurate, a – точный
2) allow, v – позволять, разрешать
3) cavity, n – полость, пустота
4) hot, a – горячий
Casting
Casting is the oldest method of forming metals. Basically it consists of melting and pouring liquid metal into a cavity of the desired size and shape and allowing the metal to solidify. There are n
Metals and Non–Metals
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1) alloying element – легирующий элемент
2) alkali metal – щелочной металл
3) base metal – основной металл
Metals and Non–Metals
Among the more obvious distinctions between different kinds of elements is that which divides metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and e
Corrosion
I. Повторите и запомните следующие слова:
1) damp air – влажный воздух
2) deposit, n – осадок, осаждать
3) destruction, n – разрушение
4) dilute,
Corrosion
It has long been known that metals can undergo changes in which they lose their characteristic properties; in most cases, the metal ceases to be an element, and becomes a compound. Iron exposed to
The Iron Blast Furnace
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1) carry up, v – поднимать
2) consume, v – потреблять
3) drop, v – опускать
4) float, v – плавать
5) flow, n –
The Iron Blast Furnace
Pig iron is one of the most important materials produced in the metallurgical industry. It is generally produced from the iron ore by chemical reduction process of iron conducted in
Bessemer Converter
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1) affinity, n – сродство, родственность
2) capacity, n – емкость, мощность, производительность
3) interior, n – внутренность, вн
Bessemer Converter
Molten pig iron, gaseous oxygen and steel scrap are the main constituents for making steel in the converter. Pig iron contains carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur and silicon in
Open-Hearth Furnace
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1) damper, n – заглушка
2) capacity, n, v – емкость, производительность
3) checkerwork, n – насадка
4) combustion, n –
Open-Hearth Furnace
The phenomenal success of the Bessemer process attracted many other inventors to the study of new and improved methods of steelmaking. The only process which was destined to become a rival of the B
Electric Furnace
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1) accomplish, v – совершать, выполнять
2) advantage, n – преимущество, польза
3) arc, n – дуга
4) conductor, n – прово
Electric Furnace
Numerous types of furnaces utilizing electric current as the source of heat have been developed by a large number of investigators, but relatively few types have survived as practic
Continuous Casting of Steel
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1) apply, v – применять, прикладывать
2) completely, adv – совершенно, полностью
3) conventional, adj – общепринятый, стандартны
Continuous Casting of Steel
Continuous casting as at present applied to the production of steel may be defined as a process in which liquid metal is poured into an open-ended mould, from the lower end of which a partially sol
Types of Mills
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1) accessories, n – принадлежности, арматура
2) billet, n – заготовка, сутунка
3) blooms, n – блюм, стальная болванка
4
Types of Mills
The three principal types of rolling mills used for the rolling of steel are referred to as "two-high", "three-high", and "four-high mills". As the names indicate, the
The Physics and Chemistry of Metallurgy
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1) fundamentals, n – основы
2) matter, n – материя, вещество,
3) correlation, n – соотношение
4. to reveal, v –
The physics and chemistry of metallurgy
Metallurgy is a science dealing with the constitution, structure and properties of metals and alloys, and the processes by which they are obtained from ores and adapted for the use
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
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1) involve, v – включать в себя, подразумевать
2) outwardly, adv – внешне, снаружи
3) earthy, a – земляной, зерн
Relation of Metallurgy to Physics and Chemistry
In principle, steelmaking involves only a relatively, outwardly simple steps. Principal iron ores consist of combinations of iron with oxygen (iron oxides), mixed with varying percentages of useles
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
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1) application, n – применение, приведение в действие 2) environment, n – окружающая среда
3) coat, v – грунтовать, нанос
Protection of Steel from Corrosion
Everybody knows how widely steel and iron products are used. But almost in all applications regardless of the environment, these products are coated by some means in order to preven
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces.
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1) core, n – сердечник, стержень
2) excess, n – избыток, излишек
3) insure, v – обеспечивать
4) quite, adv – впо
Induction Furnaces. Puddling Furnaces
Induction Furnaces. Induction furnaces are of two types – the coreless high-frequency type and the cored units which operate at low frequency. Principles of operation of both units are simil
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
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1) considerable, a – значительный, важный, большой
2) associated, а – связанный, объединенный
3) denote, v – означать
Problems of Automation of Blast Furnace
In the course of the past few years, a considerable amount of time and money has been spent studying the blast furnace process, and discussing with the operators some of the problems associated wit
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
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1) bar, n пруток, – брусок
2) draw, v – тянуть, волочить (проволоку)
3) hammer, n,v – молот, ковать
4) prevent, n – пре
Hot Working and Hot Working Processes
Hot working entails plastic deformation of metals at temperatures where strain hardening does not occur. Hot working is done for two reasons: to shape metal into useful objects; and
Cold Working and Cold Working Processes
Cold working drastically changes the mechanical properties of metals, the most important being increase in strength and hardness with a simultaneous reduction of ductility. The meta
Oxy-fuel combustion for reheat furnaces
Steel Times International APRIL 2002
The use of oxy-fuel burners in reheat furnaces greatly reduces the volume of flue gas produced which in turn leads to lower h
Heat transfer.
The total heat transfer occurring within a furnace can be broken down into four main areas:
– radiant heat transfer from the flame to the product;
– radiant heat transfer from the
Benefits of oxy-fuel combustion.
The main benefits of oxy-fuel can be summarized as:
Higher furnace productivity. As a result of the improved thermal efficiency of the furnace and the improved heat transfer charact
The European Steel Industry and Climate Change Legislation
While Europe chastises the USA for not signing up to the Kyoto Protocol to limit CO2 emissions, the US argues that – taking carbon sinks into the equation – Europe is a b
Energy efficiency.
The steel industry's generation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is mainly associated with the chemical reaction of carbon and iron ore in blast furnaces producing molten iron, which is then conv
Emission trading.
On 23 October 2001 the European Commission adopted a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for greenhouse gas emission trading within the E
Mill roll lubrication to cut costs
A 15% reduction in mill power consumption, a 10% increase in work roll life and a 20% reduction of mill load are the result of employing hot mill roll lubricants. The correct sel
Cold rolling.
Different parameters are required for the cold rolling mill, where the selection of a robust product will pay for itself in terms of maximizing speeds and strip quality, increasing roll life and ex
Uzbekistan woos foreign investors
Uzbek iron and steel works Joint Stock Manufacturing Amalgamation (Uzmetcombinat) was established in 1994 through a merger of the Uzbek metallurgy plant, the Shirin machine building
СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ
1. General Electric Co. – Company
2. Ltd (Britain) - limited responsibility – корпорация из нескольких
владельцев и вице президентов 3. OD. – outside diameter 4. ID. – ins
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