Identification of international lexicon units. - раздел Философия, The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation Internationalisms Are Such Language Units Which Are Borrowed...
Internationalisms are such language units which are borrowed from one and the same source language (SL) by at least three genealogically different 1anguges in the same or similar lingual form and identical meaning (долар, атом, інтерес, директор, театр, etc).
International may be not only words and phrases, but also morphemes-prefixes, suffixes and even inflexions. The most occurring affixes in English and Ukrainian are the following:
1. prefixes: anti-/анти-, ех-/екс-, inter-/iнтep-, trans-транc-, ultra-/ ультра-; as in antibody - антитіло, international - інтернаціональний, transmission - трансмісія, ultraviolet.
2. suffixes: -ar/-ap, -er/-ep, -ist/-ист, -іст; -ssion/-ciя, -tion/- ція, etc as in actor - актор, volunteer - волонтер, humanist - гуманіст, agression - агресія, constitution.
3. Inflexions: -um/-ум (memorandum - меморандум), -us/- ус (radius - радіус), -a/-a (formula - формула), etc. These morphemes are conveyed with the help of the translator's transcription (either translated, transcribed) sometimes, through the combination of both these methods. There is distinguished:
a) the social and political terminology comprising political, economic, philosophical, sociological units of lexicon (audit, bank, parliament, president), terms designating international law, diplomacy, literary terms (drama, poet, hyperbole, epithet, etc.).
b) l history, sciences terminology (physics, genetics, genes, pneumonia, etc.).
Genuine internationalisms never change their lingual (orthographic or sounding) form nor their internationally established meaning (audit, therapeutic, motor). The main characteristic feature of genuine internationalisms is their semantic singularity, i.e. their lexical identity and orthographic similarity in the S L and in all T Ls remains unchanged both at 1anguage level and at speech level.
Translations of loan units of lexicon, loan internationalisms, have a common structural form but rarely a similarity in their orthographic form. They are mostly scientific and technological terms: brake - гальмо, nonconducting - непровідність, government - керування.
Along these two groups there exist many international phraseological expressions. Their fund is constituted by the so-called absolute and near equivalents having a common 1anguage of origin - Greek, Latin or modern. Heel of Achilles - ахіллесова п'ята, sword of Damocles - дамоклів меч, after us the deluge -після нас хоч потоп, the fair sex - прекрасна стать.
A separate subgroup of genuine internationalisms constitute proverbs, sayings, which are used in their original form. Тhеу have become regular mots refer to as barbarisms: status in statu - держава в державі, repetitio est. mater studiorum - повторення – мати навчання, finita la commedia - настав кінець, c'est la vie -таке життя, da ist der Hund begraben! - ось де собака закопаний, O.K., all right - усе гаразд.
Interrelation with other disciplines... Many aspects of translation have been covered by other disciplines such as... Stages of translation process understanding...
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Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
Translation as a term and notion is of polysemantic nature. The first common and most general meaning is associated with the action or process of rendering the cont
Stages of translation process.
Psychologically viewed translation process includes two mental processes:
-understanding (1);
-verbalization (2).
4.1. The translator understands the content of ST, first
Types of translation.
The types of translation can be singled out depending on the predominate communicative function, the form of speech involved in translation process. So we can distinguish between literary a
Pragmatic adaptation.
The communicants involved in interlingual communication not only speak different languages but also have different general knowledge, social and historical background and belong to different cultur
Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary and other factors. The most of the research of up-to-date translation has been made within linguistic
Context.
When confronted with the text to be translated, the translator’s first concern is to understand it by assessing the meaning of language units in the text against the contextual situation and the ex
Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
The MiddleAges(500 AD – 1450 AD)are characterized by a general lack of progress. Translations and interpretations are known to have been performed in the domains o
Translation during the Renaissance period.
The Renaissance period which began in the 14th century in Italy was marked by great discoveries and inventions, the most significant of which was the invention of the moving printing pre
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо-український фразеологічний словник. - К. Радянська школа, 1996. - 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фразеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча
Literature used and recommended
1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.
2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа
Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
Many phraseological expressions singled out by V. Vinogradov as unities may reflect national features of the SL (reference to traditions, customs, events, geographical position). Being nationally d
То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent w
Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
Grammatical (syntactic) modality is of common nature in English and Ukrainian as well. It expresses actions viewed upon as real, unreal, optative, hypothetic, conditional, interrogative, incentive.
Transformations in the process of translation.
1. The kind of major and minor alteration in the structural form of language units performed with the aim of achieving faithfulness in translation are referred to as transl
Grammatical transformation.
Faithfulness of transformation depends on the functional and never on the formal approach to the choice of corresponding linguistic means. E.g.
I wanted to have done it myself. -Я хотів це
Lexical transformations.
The term was used by Retsker. Sometimes to achieve adequacy the translator must considerably change words and phrases of the original and instead of formal correspondences use functional correspond
Lexico-grammatical transformations.
Antonymic transformation is defined as rendering SL unit with the help of opposite words and constructions. It is employed for achieving faithfulness in conveying the content or ex
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