1. Personality psychology studies personality based on theories of individual differences. One emphasis in this area is so construct a coherent picture of a person and his or her major psychological processes. Another emphasis views personality as the study of individual differences, in other words, how people differ from each other. A third area of emphasis examines human nature and how all people are similar to one another. These three viewpoints merge together in the study of personality.
2. Personality can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristic possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviours in various situations. Critics of personality theory claim though that personality is “plastic” across time, places, moods, and situations. However, most personality theories emphasize stability over fluctuation.
3. Consequently, personality traits can be defined as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Psychologists assume that these traits which are relatively stable over time and differ among individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing while others are shy) influence and predetermine people’s behaviour in the greatest possible degree.
4. Trait models in psychology have been criticized as being purely descriptive and offering little explanation of the underlying causes of a person’s behaviour. Another potential weakness with trait theories is that they lead people to accept oversimplified classifications, or worse offer advice, based on a superficial analysis of one’s personality. Finally, trait models often underestimate the effect of specific situations on people’s behaviour. It is important to remember that traits are statistical generalizations that do not always correspond to an individual’s behaviour.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Many of the ideas developed by the historical and modern personality psychologists stem from basic philosophical assumptions they hold.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ28 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Personality psychology studies a person, his or her major psychological processes as well as similarities and differences between people.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ29 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Trait models in psychology have undergone criticism and some drawbacks have been found.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ30 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
A personality is stable and doesn’t pass through any transitions.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ31 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Personality’s dynamism is a source of criticism of trait theories in psychology.
1) 4 2) 1
3) 2 4) 3
ЗАДАНИЕ32 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
People’s behaviour in a particular situation doesn’t depend only on their individual traits, but also on the situation itself.
1) 4 2) 3
3) 1 4) 2
ЗАДАНИЕ33 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the connection between a person’s traits and his or her behaviour in a particular situation?
1) Personality traits influence a person’s behaviour, but depends on the situation.
2) There’s no connection between a person’s behaviour and his or her personality characteristics.
3) The situations in which people find themselves fully define their behaviour which has nothing to do with personality characteristics.
4) People’s behaviour is fully predetermined by their personality traits.
ЗАДАНИЕ34 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите основную идею текста
1) Psychologists argue about the basic aspects of human nature.
2) A person is a complex phenomenon.
3) Trait theories are valuable for personality psychology but can’t fully explain a person’s behaviour.
4) It will never be possible to perceive the relationship between human personality and behaviour.