1. Unconscious is the complex of mental activities within an individual that proceeded without his awareness. Sigmund Freud stated that such unconscious processes may affect a person’s behaviour even though he cannot report on them. Freud felt that dreams and slips of the tongue were really concealed examples of unconscious content.
2. Freud distinguished among different level of consciousness. Activities within the immediate field of awareness he termed conscious (reading the article is a conscious activity). The retention of data easily brought to awareness is a preconscious activity (one may not be thinking of his address but readily recalls it when asked). Data that cannot be recalled with effort at a specific time but that later may be remembered are retained on an unconscious level.
3. Efforts to interpret the origin and significance of unconscious activities lean heavily on psychoanalytic theory. The origin of many neurotic symptoms is held to depend on conflicts that have been removed from consciousness through a process called repression. Many psychoanalytic ideas are seen to be related to activities of the central nervous system.
4. That the physiological foundation of memory may rest in chemical changes occurring with brain cells has been inferred from clinical observations. 1) Direct stimulation of the surface of the brain while the patient is conscious on the operating table during surgery has the effect of bringing long-forgotten experiences back to awareness. 2) Removal of specific parts of the brain seems to abolish the retention of specific experiences in memory. 3) The general probability of bringing unconscious data to awareness is enhanced by direct electrical stimulation of a portion of the brain structure called the reticular formation. According to what is called the brain blood-shift theory, the transition from unconscious to conscious activities is mediated by localized changes in the blood supply to different parts of the brain.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Unconscious doesn’t have any influence over a person’s behaviour.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ28 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
According to Freud’s classification theory there are two levels of consciousness.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ29 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Psychology is the study of conscious states.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ30 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
A lot of psychoanalytic ideas are connected with the functioning of the mammillary bodies.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ31 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Changes in the blood supply to the parts of the brain help to transit unconscious activities into conscious.
1) 4 2) 1
3) 2 4) 3
ЗАДАНИЕ32 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
A person’s behaviour is influenced by unconscious processes.
1) 4 2) 3
3) 1 4) 2
ЗАДАНИЕ33 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Ответьте на вопрос:
What is physiological foundation of memory connected with?
1) It rests in the transition unconscious to conscious activities.
2) It’s related to a person’s behaviour.
3) It’s connected with chemical reactions within brain cells.
4) It’s connected with electrical stimulation of the brain structure.
ЗАДАНИЕ34 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите основную идею текста
1) It tends to determine the main aspects of subconscious influence.
2) It describes general ideas of unconscious processes.
3) All levels of unconscious are based on the brain blood-shift theory.
4) Only psychoanalytic theory can help to describe unconscious processes in our memory.