The Classification of Words in Post-Structural Traditional Grammar

Все темы данного раздела:

Fundamentals of grammar
Morphology and syntax. Grammatical category, grammatical form and grammatical meaning. The theory of oppositions. Types of oppositions. Oppositional reduction. Ne

Grammatical category. Grammatical meaning. Grammatical form
A grammatical category is a unit of grammar based on a morphological opposition of grammatical meanings presented in grammatical forms. The most general meanings rendered

Theory of oppositions. Types of oppositions. Oppositions in morphology
The opposition may be defined as a generalized correlation of lingual forms by means of which a certain function is expressed. The correlated elements (members) of the opposition m

Oppositional reduction. Neutralization and transposition.
In various contextual positions one member of an opposition can be used in the position of the other. This phenomenon can be referred to as reduction of oppositions. A sty

Distribution. Types of distribution. Distributional analysis.
The distribution of a unit is the sum total of all its environments. The environment of a unit may be either “right” or “left”. Three main types of distribution are discri

The Principles of Classification as Used by Structural Descriptive Grammarians
Charles Fries rejected the traditional principle of classification of words into parts of speech replacing it with the methods of distributional analysis and substitution. Words th

General characteristics
Semantic features. The noun possesses the grammatical meaning of thingness, substantiality. Morphologicalfeatures of the noun. In accordance with the morp

The category of case
There is no universal point of view as to the case system in English. Different scholars stick to a different number of cases. 1. There are two cases. (limited case theory) The Common one

The Problem of Gender in English
According to some language analysts (B.Ilyish, F.Palmer, and E.Morokhovskaya), nouns have no category of gender in Modern English. The difference between such nouns as actor and actress

The Article
The question is whether the article is a separate part of speech (i.e. a word) or a word-morpheme. If we treat the article as a word, we shall have to admit that English has only two articles - the

A General Outline of the Verb as a Part of Speech
Semantic features of the verb. The verb possesses the grammatical meaning of verbiality - the ability to denote a process developing in time. Morphological features of the verb.

The Category of Number
The category of number is based on a two-member opposition: singular vs. plural. An interesting feature of this category is the fact that it is blended with person: number and person make use of th

The category of tense
The category of tense finds different interpretations with different scholars. According to one view, there are only two tenses in English: past and present. Most British scholars do not r

The category of temporal correlation
There are three major approaches to defining the essence of perfective forms in English: The category of perfect is a peculiar tense category, i. e. a category which should be classed in t

The category of voice
The category of voice reflects the objective relations between the action itself and the subject or object of the action. The category of voice is realized through the opposition Active voice::Pass

The Category of Mood
The category of mood expresses the relation of nominative content of the sentence towards reality. Hence there are two moods – one presenting the action as real and the other presenting the action

Non-Finite Forms of the Verb
The infinitive and its properties. The categories of the infinitive. The gerund and its properties. The categories of gerund. The notion of half-gerund. The present partic

The Infinitive
The infinitive combines the features of the verb with those of the noun. It is the form of the verb which expresses a process in general, i.e. a process that is not restricted (i.e. concretized) by

The Gerund
Similar to the infinitive, the gerund is the name of a process, but its substantive meaning is more strongly pronounced than that of the infinitive: unlike the infinitive, the gerund can be modifie

Participle I
The present participle is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the adjective and adverb, serving as the qualifying-processual name. Ve

Participle II
The past participle is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the adjective, serving as the qualifying-processual name. Unlike the present participl

A general outline of the adjective
Semantic features. The adjective expresses the property of an entity. Typically, adjectives denote states, usually permanent states, although there are also adjectives which

Classification of adjectives
All the adjectives are traditionally divided into two large subclasses: qualitative and relative. Relative adjectives express such properties of a substance as are determined by the d

The problem of the category of state
These words are regarded by some grammarians as a separate part of speech which has been variously referred to as the category of state words, adlinks, and statives (B. Ilyish; B. S. Khaimovich and

The category of comparison
The category of comparison is constituted by the opposition of three forms of the adjective: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. There are three ways of forming degrees of

A general outline of the adverb
Semantic features. The adverb is usually defined as a word expressing either property of an action, or property of another property, or circumstances in which an action occurs

The Preposition
Semantic features The preposition is traditionally defined as a word expressing relations between words in the sentence. The weakness of the traditional definition is that it does n

The Conjunction
Semantic features Every conjunction has its own meaning, expressing some connection or other existing between phenomena in extralinguistic reality. Syntactic features

The Interjection
Semantic features The characteristic features which distinguish interjections from practically all other words lie in a different sphere. The interjections, as distinct from nouns,

The Modal Word
The modal word, occupying in the sentence a more pronounced or less pronounced detached position, expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reflected situation and its parts. Modal words stand i

Lecture 9
The Phrase: Principles of Classification The phrase as the basic unit of syntax. Differential features of the phrase and of the sentence. The phrase in the hierarchy

The Simple and the Composite Sentence
The notion of sentence. The sentence as a language unit. The notions of predication and modality. Structural classifications of simple sentences. The structural scheme of th

Sentence Parts. Syntactic Processes
The traditional scheme of sentence parsing. The main sentence parts: the subject and the predicate, their types. The secondary sentence parts: attribute, object, adverbial

Actual Division of the Sentence
Semantic roles. The basic principles of sentence division. Actual division of the sentence. The notion of theme and rheme. The notion of transition. The notion of

Indirect Speech Acts
Reference. The expressed and the implied meaning of the sentence. The presupposition and its types. Classification of speech acts (J. Austin, J. R. Searle).

Pragmatics. Pragmatic Types of Sentences
The basic notions of pragmatics. Context of situation. Pragmatic types of sentences and their contextual transposition. Principles of cooperation. Maxims of polite

Sentence in the Text. Cohesion and Coherence
Text as an object of research. The problem of the text in the hierarchy of language levels. The notions of cohesion and coherence. Language means of textual cohesion. Repre

Text Linguistics. The Problem of the Text Unit
The tasks of text linguistics. Textual units. The notion of the supra-phrasal unity. The supra-phrasal unity and the paragraph. Textual categories. The category of