What a lot of nonsense!

Rod wants his coffee strong.

A cup of coffee hot in a proper copper coffee-pot.

 

Call me at a quarter to four.

It’s all your fault.

Cora adores small talk.

 

Ex 9. Find 14 words in the puzzle and write them in the correct part of the table. The words are written horizontally or vertically.

 

p	f	s	h	o	p	b	k	d	m	p	r
l	t	o	m	k	a	a	s	a	w	c	k
o	g	s	w	k	r	l	o	n	y	n	w
g	m	t	a	f	e	l	n	o	o	d	r
i	p	u	r	c	s	o	g	g	p	w	o
s	m	w	w	j	o	p	n	z	r	k	l
t	f	a	u	n	u	j	l	s	o	k	l
i	l	n	t	u	s	l	e	u	c	w	m
c	a	t	t	a	i	l	w	p	k	h	e
s	w	r	m	o	r	e	l	s	o	r	t
a	w	a	m	h	g	q	w	h	a	t	t
c	o	c	o	u	r	s	e	y	q	x	g

Words with [ס]	Words with [:]

Ex 10. Read the words and circle the one with the different vowel sound. Then listen and check. (A77)

EXAMPLE soap hope sold soup

1. come gone long want

2. what hot most salt

3. drove love woke hole

4. snow low cow show

5. both cloth clothes road

6. word wash boss cost

7. post lost coast rose

Ex 11. Listen to the following sentences, you will hear them twice, once in American English (A), once in British English (B). Write the order A-B or B-A. (A78)

EXAMPLE The coffee’s hot. ______A-B_____

1. The lock’s at the top. ___________

2. The song’s long. ____________

3. Stop the clock. ______________

4. The dog’s gone. ______________

5. He’s often wrong. ____________

 

Ex 12. Listen to these sentences. Is the accent from Britain or from America? Write B or A. (A93)

EXAMPLE The girl’s first birthday. _A__

1. It’s hard work, of course. ____

2. Are you sure? ____

3. Law and order. ____

4. I walk to work. ____

5. I saw the bird fall. ___

6. He was born on Thursday the thirty-first. ____

7. She taught German. ____

8. I learned to surf in Brazil. ____

9. ‘Caught’ and ‘court’ sound the same in my accent. ____

 

 

Introducing word stress

If a word has more than one syllable, you give stress to one of the syllables. To do that, you make it longer, you make it louder and you make it higher. We can show stress with circles: each circle is a syllable and the bigger circle shows which syllable has the stress. For example, Saturday (Ooo).

 

Ex 13. Write the full words in the correct column, according to the their stress pattern.

 

 

Oo	oO	Ooo	oOo	ooO
Monday

 

Ex 14. Write one word from ex. 13 in each sentence below. The word must have the stress pattern shown. Then say the sentences.

 

1. I’m going to have a party on _____________ (Ooo).

2. My grandfather is ________________ (Ooo) years old.

3. I often sleep for an hour in the _____________ (ooO).

4. My birthday is on the ______________ (oOo) of March.

5. In Europe, the weather is warm in _____________ (oO).

6. I left school when I was ______________ (ooO).

7. Good night. See you _______________ (oOo).

8. How long is your summer ______________ (Ooo)?

 

NB! Stress patterns can help you to hear the difference between similar words, for example, numbers ending in –teen or –ty.

 

Ex 15. Listen and circle the number you hear. (B8)

 

1. 100 dollars! It only cost 17/70 last year!

2. He was the 14^th/40^th president of my country.

3. The maximum number of people is 15/50.

4. She was born in 1916/1960.

5. He was 13/30 on his last birthday.

6. She’ll be 18/80 in March.

 

NB! Most two-syllable nouns and adjectives have stress on the first syllable (for example, driver (Oo), famous (Oo)), and most two-syllable verbs have stress on the second syllable (for example, remove (oO), become (oO)). However, there are a number of exceptions to this general rule (machine (oO), happen (Oo)). Some words are both nouns and verbs. For example, record is a noun if you put stress on the first syllable, and a verb if you put stress on the second syllable.

 

Ex 16. Listen and circle the word with a different stress pattern from the others. (B40)

 

EXAMPLE money machine mountain message

 

1. answer agree allow attract

2. middle minute mission mistake

3. compare correct copy collect

4. garden granny guitar grammar

5. complete common careful crazy

6. pronounce provide promise prefer

7. shampoo shoulder shower shopping

8. reason remove receive review

 

Ex 17. Read the sentences and decide what stress pattern the words in bold have. Then listen, check and repeat. (B41)

 

EXAMPLE I got my first record as a present when I was eleven.

record - Oo, present - Oo

1. You’ve progressed well this year, but I’d like to see even more progress. (progressed - _________, progress - ___________)

2. We import too much petrol and the country’s export figures are going down. (import - _________, export - ___________)

3. It started as a student protest, but now the army has rebelled against the government. (protest - _______, rebelled - _________)

4. In the desert, there is a big contrast between temperatures in the day and at night. (desert - __________, contrast - __________)

5. These companies produce household objects, such as fridges and washing machines. (produce - _________, objects - _________)

 

Understanding small talk

Every language has its own ‘throw-away’ words, in English the most popular are ‘I mean’, ‘sort of’, ‘like’, ‘you know’. Listen to this conversation. Notice that the speakers say these words very fast, often in a low voice. (C25).

 

A: Ugh! This coffee is really horrible!

B: Yeah, I know. Machine coffee, I mean, why do we drink the stuff?

A: It’s sort of like… someone puts the contents of an ashtray in water and ehm… like, heats it up or something, you know…

B: Yeah, that’s what it tastes like, … and … I mean, have you tried the ehm… the tea?

A: Oh, yeah, the tea! That’s even worse!

B: I mean, the plastic cups don’t help, do they?

A: No, I know, … plastic cups!... we like even had champagne in plastic cups, you know, at what’s – her – name’s leaving party…

B: Jenny. Jenny Glen. Yeah, I remember that, last January it was… I kind of liked Jenny. I wonder what she’s doing now…

Ex 18. You will hear four people speaking. What are their favourite ‘throw-away’ words? Write them after the name. (C28)

Frank: ____I mean______________

Debbie: ______________________

Kimberly: _____________________

Greg: ________________________

 

NB! The same expressions which people use as ‘throw-away’ words do have meaning in other contexts. Listen and notice the difference in pronunciation (C26):

 

Tell me everything you know. She tells me everything, you know.

‘Blue Mountain’ is a kind of coffee. ‘Blue Mountain’ coffee is kind of nice.

We like to go away at weekends. We like go to the beach or whatever.

I mean the one on the right. I mean, what’s the point of buying one shoe?

 

Ex 19. Listen to the sentences and say whether the underlined words have meaning or if it is just a ‘throw-away’ word. (C29)

1. I don’t think these are the men you know

2. I’ve taught you everything you know

3. Do you know the place I mean it’s just over there

4. She’s not the one I mean she’s too tall

5. They’re like wild animals

6. This is like Arctic weather

 

 

Letters and sounds

Consonants: [∫ – ʒ - t∫ - dʒ]

To make the sound [∫]: The end of your tongue being curved back behind tooth ridge, push the air through gap.

 

To make the sound [ʒ]: Follow the instructions above, use your voice.

 

To make the sound [t∫]: Your tongue touches tooth ridge and stops the air. Then the tongue moves behind tooth ridge and releases the air.

 

To make the sound [dʒ]: Follow the instructions above, use your voice.

 

 

Ex.1 Listen and repeat.

[∫ ]

shoe ship ash shirt push

 

washing machine cash

 

[ʒ]

television garage Peugeot treasure

 

casual clothes measuring tape

 

[t∫]

chair chips watch chicken cheese

 

March kitchen

 

[dʒ]

job June jaw jeep village

 

juice jam jars

Ex.2 Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to sounds [∫ - t∫ - dʒ].

 

ships – chips

shop – chop

wash – watch

choke – joke

sheep cheap jeep

sherry cherry Jerry

Ex.3 Practise saying the tongue twisters.

 

She was shaking in her shoes.

She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore and the shells she sells are sea-shells, I’m sure.

His pleasure and joy knew no measure.

Fetch some chalk, Cherry.

Charlie Chesterton chattered in church.

Meet John Jones junior.

A journalist made a journey over Japan.

 

Ex.4 Do the following crossword puzzle. Each answer contains the sound [t∫] or [dʒ].

 

	X	X	E	X	X	X	X
	X				X
				X	X		X
	X						X
	X		X	X	X
	X			C	H	X		X

ACROSS: 1. Famous English prime minister. 2. We eat bread, butter and … 3. We buy jam in a … 4. You’ll get fat if you eat too much …olate. 5. A game for two people. 6. You can see in the dark with a …ch. 7. This isn’t … a difficult puzzle.

 

DOWN: 1. A young hen is a … 2. This book belongs to Jock. It’s …’.. book. 3. The dangerous bridge is … outside the village. 4. HRCAE are letters of this word. It means get with your hand. 5. Tell me a j..e. 6. George’s jeep was … than the other jeep.

 

Ex.5 Complete the conversation using words from the box. (A55)

 

NB!If a word ends with [t∫] or [dʒ], and the next word begins with the same sound, you say the sound twice. If you say Dutch cheese with only one [t∫], it sounds like Dutch ease.

 

Ex.6 The speaker made such a mistake in these sentences, write what they meant to say. Listen to the correct and incorrect pairs of sentences. Repeat, making the difference clear. (A56)

 

EXAMPLE Does she tea Chinese in the school? ____teach Chinese_______

1. I don’t know which air to sit on. __________________

2. Everyone at the match ears when the team scores. ____________

3. I never what chat shows on the TV. _______________

4. The actor on stay joked with the audience. ______________

5. Foxes sometimes come to the farm and cat chickens. ____________

6. Do you want to chain jackets before we go out? ________________

 

 

Vowels: [U – U:]

To make the sound [U]: Round your lips a little and put them forward. The back of your tongue goes up together with your lower jaw. It is a short sound.

 

To make the sound [U:]: Round the lips a little more. Make it a long sound this time.

 

Ex 7. Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to sounds [U – U:]

look – Luke

pull – pool

full – fool

foot – boot

 

Ex.8 Practise saying the tongue twisters.

Soon the cool moon will shine on the gloomy pool.

Ruth can’t say boo to a goose.

 

Mind where you put your foot.

Where can I look for a book?

Ex.9 Complete these sentences with words from the box. The vowel sound is given. Listen, check and repeat (A88).

 

 

EXAMPLE

Two things you can __put__[U] on a foot are a shoe and a __boot__[U:].

1. The _______[Λ] after _______[U:] is July.

2. My mother’s other _________[Λ] is my __________[Λ].

3. Brazil _________[Λ] the World _________[Λ] in 2002.

4. Fruit ________[U:] is _________[U] for you.

5. There is a __________[U] _________[U:] once a month.

6. You pronounce __________[U] exactly the same as _________[U].

 

Ex.10 Circle the word with the different vowel sound.

EXAMPLE foot look blood push

1. soon book boot room

2. rude luck run but

3. shoes does true blue

4. pull full put rule

5. group could would should

6. done move love son

7. south young couple won

 

NB!Many words which have [j] before [U:] in British English don’t in American English. Compare: news [njU:z] – news [nU:z], tune [tjU:n] - tune [tU:n].

Ex.11 Practise this dialogue. Pay special attention to sounds [U – U:].

Miss Luke: Good afternoon, girls.

Girls: Good afternoon, Miss Luke.

Miss Luke: This afternoon we are going to learn how to cook soup.

Open your books at unit twenty-two.

Prue: Excuse me, Miss Luke.

Miss Luke: Yes, Prue?

Prue: There’s some chewing gum on your shoe.

Miss Luke: Who threw the chewing gum on the floor? Was it you, Prue?

Prue: No, Miss Luke. It was June.

Miss Luke: Who?

Prue: June Cook.

June: It wasn’t me, stupid. It was Sue.

Sue: It was you!

June: It wasn’t me, you, stupid fool.

My mouth’s full of chewing gum. Look, Miss Luke!

Sue: Stop pulling my hair, June. It was you.

June: YOU!

Sue: YOU!

Miss Luke: Excuse me, you are being very rude.

You two nuisances can stay in school this afternoon

instead of going to the swimming pool.

Stress in Compound Words

Compound words are made from two small words put together, for example book+shop=bookshop. (They are not always written as one word, for example, shoe shop). In most compound words, the stress is on the first part. Look at these examples:

Oo bookshop bus stop

Ooo traffic light bus station

Oooo travel agent art gallery

Ex.12 Listen. Write the words in bold in the correct columns. (B44)

Oo	Ooo	Oooo
bookshops	anything	shopping centre

 

If the compound word is not a noun, we often put stress on the second part as well.

OO first class half price hand made

OOo bad-tempered old-fashioned short-sighted

OoO overnight second hand

 

Ex.13 Listen to the sentences. In each of them one of the compound words in bold has stress on the first part (Oo) and the other has stress on the second part as well (OO). Circle the word which has two stresses. (B45)

 

EXAMPLE They did the photocopies overnight.

1. I got this motorbike second hand.

2. Using a typewriter is so old-fashioned.

3. These earrings were hand made.

4. I’m short-sighted, like my grandmother.

5. All the sunglasses are half price.

6. The waiting room is for first class only.

 

It is very easy to confuse compound words with just an adjective and a noun or a verb and a noun. You have to make the pronunciation different. Compare:

We keep these plants in a greenhouse during winter. – Mr. Olsen lives in a small, green house near the river.

I saw her bus pass. – I saw her bus pass.

 

 

Quoting speech

It is very important to quote somebody phonetically correct. Listen to two people having a conversation about a neighbour’s son. Notice how they pronounce the quote marks (‘ ‘). (C34)

 

A: I said to Terry, I said, ‘Can you open the door for me?’ and he says, ‘Open it yourself!’ Can you believe it!

B: I know. The boy’s so rude! I said to his father, I said, ‘You should do something about the boy’, and do you know what he said to me? He said, ‘It’s none of your business.’

A: Oh, he’s just as bad as Terry. ‘Like father like son’ as they say!

 

The speakers show the quotes by putting a short pause before and after. Also, their voice is higher on the quotes. Listen and compare these lines. Notice how you can hear quote marks. (C35)

 

Do you know what he said to me? – ‘Do you know what?’ he said to me.

I said to his father, ‘I said you should do something’. – I said to his father, I said, ‘You should do something.’

 

Ex.14 Listen to pairs of sentences. Which do you hear first and which second? Write 1 or 2 after each sentence. (C37)

EXAMPLE a. ‘You’re an idiot, that’s what,’ she said. _2_

b. ‘You’re an idiot’, that’s what she said. _1_

 

1. a) What she said was good. ___

b) What she said was, ‘Good!’ ___

 

2. a) He said, ‘Linda was married’. ___

b) He said Linda was married. ____

 

3. a) That’s the thing she said. ___

b) ‘That’s the thing’, she said. ___

 

4. a) He wrote a letter to the president. ___

b) He wrote, ‘A letter to the president’. ___

 

5. a) I don’t know what I thought. ___

b) ‘I don’t know what’, I thought. ___

 

6. a) She says, ‘What she thinks is right’. ___

b) She says what she thinks is right. ___

 

7. a) ‘Who’, wrote Julius Caesar. ___

b) Who wrote Julius Caesar? ___

 

8. a) Who said ‘Martin’? ___

b) ‘Who?’, said Martin ___

 

 

Ex.15 The speaker is telling some gossip. Put the quote marks in the text. Then listen and check your answer. Try saying it yourself. (C38)

 

 

 

 

Letters and sounds

Consonants: [f – v - w]

To make the sound [f]: Touch your top teeth with your bottom lip. Blow out air between your lip and your teeth.

 

To make the sound [v]: Follow the instructions above, use your voice.

 

To make the sound [w]: Round your lips and put them forward, your lips should be hard and stiff, let the air stream out while relaxing your lips. It is a short sound.

 

Ex.1 Listen and repeat.

[f ]

 

leaf coffee fin photo feet

 

knife laugh

 

 

[ v ]

 

van visa river wave vacuum cleaner

 

twelve Venice

 

 

[ w ]

 

wheel water square wise

 

wheat window

 

Ex.2 Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to sounds

[f - v - w].

leaf – leave

vest – west

vet – wet

Feel – veal - wheel

Fine - vine – wine

Fail – veil – whale

 

Ex.3 Practise saying the tongue twisters.

I feel fit as a fiddle.

Fight fire with fire.

They’ve arrived at five.

I’ve never forgiven Vera.

We’ll walk whatever the weather.

Walter always knows what’s what.

We wonder, whether the wether will weather the weather, or whether the weather the wether will kill?

Ex.4 Find 12 words beginning or ending with [f] or [v]. The words are written horizontally or vertically.

D	C	L	A	U	G	H	I
R	O	W	S	A	V	E	F
I	U	I	L	F	I	V	E
V	G	F	I	H	A	V	E
E	H	E	V	G	O	L	F
O	F	F	E	S	A	F	E

 

Ex.5 Complete the conversation using words from the box. (A37)

Ex.6 Add one of these sounds to the start of these words to make other words: [f], [v] or [w]. Think of sounds, not spelling.

 

1. air ________________

2. ear _______________

3. eel _______________

4. eyes ______________

5. or ________________

6. old _______________

7. eat _______________

8. aid _______________

9. all ________________

Ex 7. Practise this dialogue.

 

A walk in the woods

 

Gwen: Did you meet Victor on Wednesday, Wendy?

Wendy: Yes, we went for a walk in the woods near the railway.

Gwen: Wasn’t it cold on Wednesday?

Wendy: Yes. It was very cold and wet. We wore warm clothes and walked quickly to keep warm.

Gwen: It’s lovely and quiet in the woods.

Wendy: Yes. Further away from the railway it was

very quiet, and there

were wild squirrels everywhere. We counted twenty squirrels.

Gwen: How wonderful! Twenty squirrels! And did you take lunch with

you?

Wendy: Yes. About twelve we had veal sandwiches and sweet white wine,

and we watched the squirrels. It was a very nice walk.

 

 

 

Vowels: [3:]

To make the sound [3:]: Round your lips. Put your tongue forward and up a little. It is a long sound.

 

Ex 8. Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to the sound [3:].

four – fur

warm – worm

walk – work

bed – bird

kennel – colonel

shut – shirt

bun – burn

gull – girl

Ex.9 Practise saying the tongue twisters.

Certainly, sir.

Repeat the verse, word for word.

What a hurly-burly girl Urse is!

The girl heard the nurse work.

 

Ex.10 Practise the dialogue.

 

The worst nurse

 

Sir Herbert: Nurse!

Colonel Burton: Nurse! I’m thirsty!

Sir Herbert: Nurse! My head hurts!

Colonel Burton: NURSE!

Sir Herbert: Curse these nurses!

Colonel Burton: Nurse Sherman always wears such dirty shirts.

Sir Herbert: And such short skirts.

Colonel Burton: She never arrives at work early.

Sir Herbert: She and … er… Nurse Turner weren’t at work on

Thursday, were they?

Colonel Burton: No, they weren’t.

Sir Herbert: Nurse Sherman is the worst nurse in the hospital, isn’t she?

Colonel Burton: No, she isn’t. She’s the worst nurse in the world!!!

Stress In Longer Words

 

Ex.11 Use the beginnings and endings to make longer words from the words below.

EXAMPLE child childhood, childish, childishness, childless

1. believe ___________________________

2. enjoy ____________________________

3. care _____________________________

4. friend ____________________________

5. happy ____________________________

6. help ______________________________

 

Ex.12 Write the words from the box in the correct part of the table according to their stress pattern.

 

Oo
oOo
ooOo	population
oooOo
ooooOo
oooooOo

Ex.13 Fill the gaps with the word from the box which has the stress pattern given. Listen and check. (B53)

My favourite subjects at school were sciences, especially Ooo _chemistry_ and oOoo ____________. I’ve always been good with numbers, so I was good at oOo ______________. I didn’t really like the social science subjects, like ooOoo _____________ and Oo __________, and that’s strange because when I went to university I did Ooo ___________.

 

Ex.14 Write in the word which is missing from the ‘family’. Listen, check and repeat. (B54)

EXAMPLE society, sociology_ (ooOoo), sociological

1. civil, civilize, ____________ (oooOo)

2. ________ (oOoo), biologist, biological

3. personal, ___________ (ooOoo), personalize

4. legal, legalize, __________ (oooOo)

5. _________ (Oo), authority, authorize

 

Emphatic Constructions

Most sentences have a definite intonation pattern, but in a live conversation, speakers can choose to put the stress in any place. This is like underlining words in writing; we do this to put emphasis on words.

 

Ex.15 Read this conversation. Which words the speaker will ‘underline’ for emphasis and underline them in the text. You are told which lines have no underlining. Listen and check (C41)

A: I won’t pass. (no underline)

B: You will pass.

A: You’ll pass.

B: I don’t know. (no underline)

A: You won’t fail.

B: I might fail.

A: I will fail.

B: The exam’s not hard. (no underline)

A: It’s very hard.

B: But not too hard.

A: Too hard for me.

B: But you’re very clever! (no underline)

A: You’re the clever one.

B: Yes, I suppose you’re right.

 

The speaker may emphasize the new information in the sentence. Listen to these two short conversations. A’s question shows that she doesn’t know anything about where B comes from. C’s question shows that she knows he comes from India, so when B says ‘South India’, he underlines ‘South’ because this is added information. (C44)

 

A: Where are you from?

B: South India.

 

C: Which part of India are you from?

B: South India.

 

Ex.16 The answers to the pairs of questions are the same, but the speaker puts stress on a different word in each answer. Read the questions and underline the words the speaker will put stress on. Then listen and check. (C46)

 

EXAMPLE: a) What’s your name? b) What’s your full name, Ms Vettori?

Clara Vettori.Clara Vettori.

1. a) Do you live in Milan? b) Do you live near Milan?

Near Milan, yes. Near Milan, yes.

2. a) What do you do? b) What kind of designer are you?

I’m a graphic designer. I’m a graphic designer.

3. a) Do you have your own home? b) Do you have a nice flat?

Yes, a very nice flat. Yes, a very nice flat.

4. a) What do you do in the evenings? b) Do you speak French?

Well, I’m learning French. Well, I’m learning French.

5. a) Do you know London? b) You lived in London, didn’t you?

Yes, I lived there for a year. Yes, I lived there for a year.

6. a) Do you have brothers or sisters? b) You have brothers, don’t you?

Yes, two brothers. Yes, two brothers.

7. a) What kind of music do you like? b) Which do you prefer, jazz or classical?

I like jazz and classical. I like jazz and classical.

 

Ex.17 The sentences in the contexts are the same, but with different pronunciation. You will hear each sentence twice, once for context a and once for context b. Listen and decide which you hear first. (C51)

EXAMPLE

a) I think that’s my bag. b) I think that’s my bag.

She’s not completely sure that it’s her bag. Another person is picking up her bag

 

1. a) Is that your phone? b) Is that your phone?

He can hear an electronic sound from He can see somebody’s mobile phone on the seat.

someone’s pocket.

2. a) Is your seat 29 F? b) Is your seat 29 F?

She’s not sure she heard the number correctly. She’s not sure she heard the letter correctly.

3. a) Is there a bank in this terminal? b) Is there a bank in this terminal?

He knows there is a bank in the other terminal but He’s looking for a bank.

not if there is one in this terminal.

4. a) Where’s the women’s toilet? b) Where’s the women’s toilet?

She’s looking for the toilet. She can see the men’s toilet, but not the women’s.

 

The word we choose to underline can change the meaning of our sentence. Listen to these sentences in two different ways and see the different meanings in the pictures. (C54)

 

Do you want the hamburger with chips, or salad? Do you want the hamburger with chips or salad?

 

or or +

 

Would you like chicken with vegetables, Would you like chicken with vegetables

or Russian salad? or Russian salad?

 

or or +

 

Ex.18 Listen. Which choice is the waiter offering first: a or b? Write a-b or b-a. (Ñ57)

1. Would you like peaches or strawberries with cream?

a. + or b. or

 

2. Would you like tea with lemon or milk?

a. or b. or

 

3. Would you like sausage or bacon and eggs?

a. or b. or +

 

 

Letters and sounds

Consonants: [Ө – ð]

To make the sound [Ө]: Put your tongue between your teeth. Blow the air out between your tongue and your top teeth

 

To make the sound [ð]: Follow the instructions above, use your voice.

 

 

Ex.1 Listen and repeat.

[Ө]

earth thanks birthday maths athlete

 

author thought

 

[ð]

weather clothes breathe sunbathe together

 

feather mother and father

 

Ex.2 Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to sounds [Ө – ð].

mouse - mouth

sum - thumb

sick - thick

tree - free - three

tin -fin - thin

bays – bathe

close - clothe

breeze - breathe

 

Ex.3 Practise saying the tongue twisters.

A thousand thanks to you both.

 

I have a thousand and one things to ask you.

 

I can think of six thin things,

Six thin things. Can you?

Yes, I can think of six thin things

And of six thick things, too.

 

This fish and that fish

This fish has a thin fin,

That fish has a fat fin,

This fish is a fish

That has a thinner fin than that fish.

 

Ex.4 Think of a computer which people speak into and it writes what they say. This computer wrote these sentences down wrongly. Correct the underlined mistakes.

EXAMPLE It’s free o’clock. __three___

1. A bat is more relaxing than a shower. _________
2. The train went true the tunnel. ___________
3. Don’t walk on the ice; it’s very fin. _________
4. You need a sick coat in winter. __________
5. I don’t know; I haven’t fought about it. __________
6. It’s a matter of life and deaf. __________

Ex.5 Find a way from Start to Finish. You may pass a square only if the word in it has the sound [Ө]. You can move horizontally or vertically only.

Start

 

north	northern	either	weather	breathe	those
south	bath	bathe	thought	breath	youth
southern	third	their	through	though	thumb
Thailand	cloth	path	fifth	with	worth
month	clothes	these	brother	that	teeth
throw	thing	author	other	they	wealth

Finish

Ex.6 Complete the rhyme using words from the box. Then listen and check (A82).

 

Arthur had a __brother ___ They wanted was a _______________.

And he didn’t want _another _. So Arthur’s mother ________________

And of the brothers, __________ Got them both ___________________.

Wanted sisters _______________. And told them all good _____________

The last thing on this _____________ Should learn to share their ___________.

 

Vowels: [ә]

To make the sound [ә]: This is a neutral sound, your tongue and lips should be relaxed.

 

In words with two or more syllables, at least one syllable is weak (not stressed). In weak syllables English speakers pronounce the neutral sound [ә].

 

Ex 7. Listen and repeat the phrases which have the neutral sound.

 

a photograph of Barbara ә photәgraph әf Barbәrә

a glass of water ә glass әf watә

a pair of binoculars ә pair әf binoculәs

a photograph of her ә photәgraph әf hә

mother and father mothә әnd fathә

a book about ә book әbout

South America South әmericә

 

Listen to these examples and repeat them. The weak vowels in the unstressed syllables in bold are pronounced [ә] (A29)

Weak A: away banana woman sugar

Weak E: garden paper under

Weak O: police doctor correct

Weak U: support figure colour

 

Ex 8. Listen to the phrases and sentences, in each of them there are two vowels which are not neutral. Underline them. (A32)

EXAMPLE an apple and a banana

1. from Canada to China

2. The parrot was asleep.

3. The cinema was open.

4. the photographer’s assistant

5. a question and an answer

6. a woman and her husband

7. a pasta salad

 

Weak vowels in unstressed syllables can also be pronounced as [ı]. Listen to these examples and repeat them (A30).

Weak A: orange cabbage

Weak E: dances wanted begin women

Weak I: music walking

Weak U: lettuce minute

 

Ex 9. Write the words in the correct part of the table. Then listen and check. (A33)

 

vowel in weak syllable =[ә]	vowel in weak syllable = [ ı ]
woman	orange

 

Ex 10. Listen and underline the word you hear. (A34)

1. What time did the woman/women arrive?

2. Where’s Kate’s d