Definition. The inner product of two vectors and is the product of the absolute values of these vectors and the cosine of the angle between them:
. (4)
A
0φ
Â
Property 1.Theinner product of two vectors is equal to the product of the absolute value of one vector and the projection of the second vector onto the first, i.e.,
. (5)
Proof.It is seen from the figure that the projection of the vector on the vector is the interval , whose length is equal to , because this is the adjacent leg. The inner product equals , as required.
The remaining equalities in (5) are proved in a similar way.
Formula (5) easily implies the projection of the vector on the vector :
.
Property 2. The inner product of two vectors is equal to zero if and only if these vectors are perpendicular.
1. If , then , and the inner product equals .
2. Conversely, suppose that
(a) If both vectors are nonzero () and , then . Consequently, ñosj=0, and j=90î, i.e. , as required.
(b) Suppose that one of the vectors is zero, say,
Since a null vector has no direction, we may assume that this null vector is perpendicular to the vector , as required.
Property 3. The inner product of vectors is commutative:
Proof. Let us decompose the right- and left-hand sides:
; .
Since the angles between the two pairs of vectors are equal (), it follows that their cosines are equal; consequently, the left- and right-hand sides are equal.
Property 4. To multiply an inner product by a number l, it is sufficient to multiply one of the factors by l:
(Without proof.)
Property 5.Inner product is associative:
.
Proof.Applying property 1, formula (5), and the projection of the sum of the vectors to the right-hand side, we obtain
as required.