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1. The work referred to also brought to light many examples of abnormal behaviour. 2. Having examined it carefully, wc found out that the gas under investigation exhibited anomalous behaviour. 3. The abnormal osmotic pressures can be explained by the hypothesis of a hydrolytic decomposition. 4. To conclude, there arc two features of high abnormal chcmical reactivity. 5. If the temperature is raised, a small amount of phenol must be added in order to producc a separation of liquid. 6. If water is added to ether, solution will not occur. 7. Shown in the following table is the degree of agreement between the two sets of values. 8. The experimental facts wc obtained are in agreement with the law. 9. And to sum up, the pressure must be considered in agreement with the modern kinetic theory. 10. If wc prepare some HgCd alloys and allow the alloy to reach the ordinary temperature, it will generally solidify provided enough Cd is present. 11. Other conditions being equal, the dissociation theory is in good agreement with these observations. 12. The agreement between the final columns shows the hydrolysis of the salt to have practically disappeared. 13. The results of several methods to be described later are in satisfactory agreement. 14. If a solid be allowed to cool down, it becomes heterogeneous. 15. a- and P-rays were found to consist of pulsations analogous to Rontgcn rays. 16. Though somewhat different, analogous behaviour may be observed in the case of the gaseous system. 17. It follows from the above that the case is analogous to a mixture of alcohol and water. 18. Returning to van't HofFs argument, it will be remembered that the striking feature of his argument is that he actually calculated the normal constant for substanccs dissolved in a given solvent. 19. To understand Arrhcnius* argument more clcarly, it is ncccssary that wc should refer to the work of Kohlrauch. 20. The gas law has been seen to apply only to dilute solutions. 21. With the help of the kinetic theory applied to the thermal expansion, one can calculatc that the absolute zero is -273°C.
22. Applying the law of mass action, the following equation was obtained.
23. The values given below arc calculated on the assumption that 1 gram- molecule of the substancc under examination is dissolved in 10 litres of water. 24. This assumption is shown to be quite inadequate. 25. The formula quoted earlier is based on a number of assumptions which restrict its applicability. 26. It has been shown experimentally diat this assumption is
a corrcct one in the inorganic colloids examined. 27. Further assumptions were made about the clcctrical work required for the vibration of the particles. 28. One has to make separate assumption in each single case. 29. It was on the basis of the electrolytic dissociation theory that the factor i was shown later by Arrhcnius. 30. It is not uninteresting to note that the subjcct of osmotic pressure of clcctrolytcs is discussed on the basis of the theory put forward in 1883. 31. One should never forget that the Phase Rule is based on thcrmodynamical considerations. 32. Unfortunately, this formula is based on a number of assumptions which necessarily restrict its applicability. 33. It should be admitted that the behaviour of matter at -273°C is practically inconccivablc to us. 34. The behaviour of gases and, to a less extent, the behaviour of liquids can, thus, be accounted for. 35. The authors were the first to endeavour to investigate the behaviour of liquids and gases from the physical standpoint. 36. The behaviour of several gases has been investigated but no definite conclusion could be drawn. 37. It is not unlikely that when mercury and water arc brought together the two liquids will remain side by side. 38. If alcohol and water be brought together, complete miscibility takes placc. 39. The relation enables us to calculate ê quite easily. 40. Lord Kelvin calculated that when the air spacc between them was 10~5 cm, the attraction was 2 grams weight. 41. One can calculate by Gay-Lussac's law, what the density would be. 42. Let us now calculatc the equilibrium constant for the above case. 43. It is essential that die case of mixed crystals of thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate should be taken here. 44. Take the case of iodine and benzene. 45. In certain eases, one could find that in the mixed crystal one of the components would have a smaller molecular weight than in the ordinary ease. 46. Whatever reasons may be given, Henry's law is a particular case of the distribution law. 47. Whatever considerations may be presented, the ease is different with organic colloids. 48. If the experiment be carried out at a very low temperature, hydrogen is found to behave like other gases. 49. The work earned out is based on certain relationships which proved to be incorrect. 50. Unless otherwise specified, the analyses arc earned out in an analogous manner. 51. A scries of freezing point determinations at various concentrations was carried out which is consistent with the data from the literature. 52. A further addition of phenol causes a second liquid phase to be formed. 53. Refer once more to Figure 2, it is seen therefrom what made the gas concentrate in water. 54. A very striking confirmation of the dissociation theory was afforded by the work of Ostwald on the permanganates in aqueous solutions. 55. Sufficc it to say, this has been confirmed in the case of the salts of quinic acid only. 56. It is small wonder that the observed change of degree of dissociation is likewise satisfactory confirmation of the law of mass action. 57. In the present chaptcr, the systems will be considered in which combination between compounds can occur with the formation of definite compounds. 58. There arc three separate curves to be considered in the case of sodium sulphate and water. 59. Consider one molcculc moving in a straight line. 60. One might consider gases simply as systems of small particlcs. 61. The substancc obtained is believed to be cither an impure form of Ag2Oj or a basic sulphate of tripositivc silver. 62. The residue left after most of the liquid air had boiled away consisted largely of oxygen and nitrogen. 63. To obtain phosphoric acid, one must dissolve the oxide of phosphorus in water. 64. To balancc an equation, the formulas of all rcactants and products must be known. 65. The acidity of solutions is often expressed in terms of pH; the lower the pH, the more acid in the solution. 66. No precipitate forms unless the value of the ion product for the mixture is greater than Kps for the salt being considered. 67. To destroy sulphur compounds, Courtois added sulphuric acid, and on one eventful day in 1811 he must have added it in excess. 68. Bunscn's early cacodyl researches were followed by a study of blast furnace gases. 69. It was not until 1870 that Bcrthclot began to study the explosive force of powders. 70. Having added the ncccssary amount of sulphur to bromine and mixed the solution obtained with icc, wc obtained hydrogen bromide. 71. Compounds of phosphorus are likely to be reduced by hot carbon. 72. Catalysts accelerate the reactions that otherwise would be too slow. 73. Soon after hearing of the discovery of argon, Lccoq dc Boisbaudran predicted that it might belong to a family of absolutely inert elements, all of which were then unknown. 74. Whether our observation is of significance remains to be proved. 75. Should the Sun cease to give us heat, the air and the whole surfacc of the earth would slowly cool off. 76. The pcrfcrritcs arc rather stable in alkaline media, but when acidified evolve oxygen, the iron being reduced to the tripositivc state. 77. These striking properties made him suspect the presence of a new clement. 78. For many purposes, it is desirable that water should be pure. 79. Because of the complications introduced by operating at elevated temperatures it was clear that the reaction of silver nitrite with alkyl halides ought to be conducted at as low a temperature as possible. 80. The first step in the reaction appears to be the formation of fcrritc, which is followed by atmoshpcric oxidation of the iron. 81. Increasing temperatures up to 50° Ñ and high alkali concentration favour ferrate formation. 82. Upon washing these plates with a little distilled water, one obtains the substance in the pure state. 83. For one substancc to dissolve in another their molecules must attract cach other strongly. 84. Copper and gold oxides are weak bases, the basic charactcr decreasing as the atomic weight rises. 85. The liquid a substancc dissolves in is callcd a solvent. 86. That coppcr comes off the anode in the tripositivc form is confirmed by calculations involving the anodic loss of weight and Faraday's law. 87. The discovery of spectral analysis increased Bunscn's fame enormously and led to his being callcd to Berlin. 88. Having cooled the concentrated solution of naphthalene in hexane wc obtained white precipitate of pure naphthalene. 89. During the remaining years of his life Franhofcr continued his studies of spectra without ever realizing the significance of the lines which today bear his name. 90. None of the fourteen colourlcss gases studied showed lines. 91. It was Bcrthclot who, starting from the elements, synthesized the various
hydrocarbons. 92. The initial rate is only slightly afTcctcd by the acid concentration, or by the ionic strength of the solution. 93. Three products are likely to be formed by the electrolytic reduction at a lead cathode. 94. Experiments similar to those just described were performed in aqueous medium in the prcscncc of various coordinating agents. 95. On adding barium chloride reagent to the reaction mixture white barium sulphate is formed if nitrite is present. 96. It was well known among silver miners that a ccrtain ore found as a white mineral, horn silver, turned dark upon exposure to sunlight. 97. In the early years of the science of chemistry a substancc was accepted as an clement so long as no reaction showing it to be a compound had been observed. 98. To vaporize means to change a solid into a vapour by heating it. 99. Different elements consist of different kinds of atoms, the most significant being their weights. 100. Mcndclcycv's succcss in working out the Periodic Table was largely due to the exhaustive study he gave to the properties of the elements. 101. The explosion of a mixture of hydrogen and chlorinc might have occurred, had the ncccssary precautions not been taken in time. 102. The policy of some countries seems to favour agriculture more than all other employments, which results in particular development of agricultural chcmistry. 103. The cathodic reduction of Yb(III) in a cell of a type similar to that used for the production of dipositivc europium results in the formation of Yb(II). 104. The spectroscope shows the outer atmosphere of the Sun to consist largely of hydrogen. 105. Ramsay continued to search for other inert gases, and in this he was aided by his assistant, Morris William Travcrs. 106. No conclusion can be drawn as to whether chlorination occurred at the 9-position. 107. Tlirce presently unknowrn ionic species have to be prepared and studied for a complete examination to be possible. 108. When an clement exists in more than one form, it is said to be allotropic. 109. To measure any quantity is to comparc it with something already known, taken as a standard. 110. This phenomenon is the more pronounccd, die more non- homogeneous the metal. 111. Had the method of electrolytic reduction of the nitrobenzene been employed, the yield of aniline would have been considerably higher. 112. To separate the thorium from iron, this precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. 113. This group being inert to most reagents, it is impossible to hydrolizc it. 114. Upon being warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid, the ion is decomposed with the liberation of oxygen. 115. The alkali metals do form positive ions. 116. Hydrogen is placcd by itself in the periodic table because its chcmical behaviour is not closcly similar to that of any other element. 117. It is an experimental fact that two fluorine atoms will combine to form a diatomic molcculc F2. 118. It was while systematizing his ideas for his famous textbook, Principles of Chemistry, that D. I. Mendeleyev devised his periodic table. 119. If Avogadro's hypothesis had been acceptcd, chcmists would have been spared half a century of confusion. 120. Titanium seems to combinc all the best properties of steel and aluminium with other valuable ones of its own.