The establishment of the International Temperature Scalc has required that the thermodynamic temperatures of the fixed points be determined with as much accuracy as possible. For this purpose a dcvicc was needed that measures essentially the thcmodynamic temperature and does not depend on any particular thcrmomctric substancc. On the other hand, since it was needed only for a few highly accuratc measurements, it did not need to have the convcnicncc of such instruments as resistance thermometers, mercury thermometers, and thermocouples. The dcvicc that has filled this need is the gas thermometer.
Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.
Упр. 4. Составьте план текста.
Упр. 5. Прочтите предложения и скажите, соответствуют ли они содержанию текста. Если нет, исправьте их.
1. More than a century ago scientists noticcd the dependence between the temperature and the volume of a gas. 2. The temperature at which the volume of the gas sample would become zero was named the absolute zero. 3. The scale according to which the absolute zero is taken to be 0° is the International Standard temperature scalc. 4. The triple point of water is the temperature when vapourization begins. 5. The temperature by the Kelvin scalc is the temperature by Celsius scalc plus 273.15°. 6. Gas thermometer is used for ordinary measurements. 7. Gas thermometer is a convenient instrument. 8. This dcvicc is highly accurate.
Ex. 6. Найдите в тексте описание того, как ученые пришли к концепции абсолютного нуля, переведите эти предложения на русский язык.
Section 1П
Ex. 1. Respond to the following statements using the expressions: 1 believe so; in my (ihis, her, your, eta) opinion; you are quite right; Гт afraid you are wrong; just the reverse.
1. It's not very convenient that there arc so many temperature scalcs. 2. It is easy to count the temperature by the Kelvin scalc if you know the temperature by the Celsius scale. 3. It is much easier to use only one temperature scalc. 4.1 think the devices for measuring the temperature are either not accuratc or not convenient. 5. It is for the first time that I hear about the Rankinc scalc, it is used in France, isn't it? 6. She says temperature is not very important in this procedure. 7. I think it would be right to prepare the chcmicals first.
Ex. 2. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Уже скоро 7 часов, он, наверное, скоро придет. — Полагаю, да. 2. Мне кажется, у нас слишком много времени уходит на лабораторные работы. — А по моему мнению, это правильно: химик должен уметь работать руками. 3. Вы пропустили много занятий, вам необходимо изучить весь материал самостоятельно. — Вы совершенно правы. С чего мне лучше начать? 4. Я знаю только шкалу Цельсия, кажется, у нас пользуются только сю. — Боюсь, что вы неправы. Я знаю, например, что физики и химики широко пользуются шкалой Кельвина. 5. Я слышал, он жил в Минске, а потом переехал в Москву. — Как раз наоборот. В прошлом году в Минске открылась новая лаборатория, и он поехал туда работать.
Ex. 3. Make up short dialogues aeeording to the model.
Model: — A question.
— A clarifying question.
— An answer.
— A statement.
— I didn't like all the subjects when I was a pupil.
— What subjects didn't you like?
— English, for example.
— As for me, I didn't like history.
Ex. 4. Give detailed answers to the questions.
1. What temperature scales do you know? 2. How was the International Standard scalc adopted? 3. What are the most widely used temperature scales?
4. In what way can one convert the temperature from one scalc to another?
5. What instruments are used for temperature measurements?
Ex. 5. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Problem of Uniformity in Measuring the Temperature.
2. Different Temperature Scales.
3. Means of Measuring the Temperature.
WHAT IS IT?
A unit in a temperature scale.