Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Original Meanings of Oxidation and Reduction
Prior to the discovery of oxygen independently by Scheclc of Sweden in 1771-1772 and by Joseph Priestley of England in 1774, combustion had been regarded to be a loss of phlogiston. Roughly speaking, phlogiston was conceived to be a sort of materia of fire. Lavoisier used the new knowledge to show more extensively and systematically that combustion is the combination of the combustible substance with Priestley's "dcphlogisticatcd air". Knowing that several products of combustion, notably those formed from sulphur, phosphorus and carbon arc acidic substances, Lavoisier named the element oxygen, from the Greek for acid-former.
Lavoisier called the product formed by addition of oxygen an oxide. Therefore, it was natural to refer to the proccss as oxidation.
To tell die truth, long before the introduction of the term "oxidation" the term "reduction" had been used in a technical sense. Primitive man had used charcoal to win iron from ores which wc call oxides. During die development of this and odicr metallurgical processes reduction was used, perhaps in the dual sense of bringing down the bulk of an ore to that of the metal and of a restoration. In the latter sense it was used by Paracclsus in describing the restoration of iron from rust.
With dc Morvcau, Bcrthollct and dc Fourcroy — to mention only a few — Lavoisier devised the nomenclature used today. Oxides were distinguished by the name of the element combined with oxygen and by the degree of oxidation.
Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста своими словами в нескольких предложениях.
Упр. 4. Какое слово в тексте означает «добыть»?
Упр. 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What was regarded as combustion before the discovery of oxygen? 2. What was understood by the term "phlogiston"? 3. What was the origin
of the name "oxygen"? 4. In what sense was the term "reduction" used? 4. What proccss was callcd oxidation?
Упр. 6. Закончите следующие предложения:
1. Oxygen was discovered independently... 2. Lavoisier showed more extensively that... 3. Lavoisier regarded an oxide as a product... 4. In metallurgy the term "reduction" meant... 5. The nomenclature used today was devised...
Section III
Ex. 1. Make up short dialogues according to the example. Example:
— Where arc you from?
— I'm from Novgorod.
— Oh, I've never been to Novgorod, but I know it is a beautiful town.
— Oh, yes. There are a lot of interesting places there.
Ex. 2. Respond to the following statements:
1. You know, there arc several meanings of the word "reduction". 2. However strange it may seem, the term "reduction" has several meanings, too. 3. Now reduction is regarded by chemists as the addition of electrons to a substancc.
Ex. 3. Give detailed answers to the questions.
1. Why arc the terms "oxide" and "oxidation" associated with the name "oxygen"? 2. In what way did the terms "oxidation" and "reduction" changc throughout the history of chemistry? 3. What do you understand by these terms now?
Ex. 4. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Esscncc of the Processes of Oxidation and Reduction.
2. The Contribution of Various Chemists into the Development of Redox Chemistry.
3. The Aspects of Modern Redox Chemistry.