The relatively small chcmical manufacturing plants producing such chcmicals as alkalis, sulphuric acid, ctc., indeed, some of the factories making consumer goods and employing chcmicals in the processing, soon found it desirable to employ what was most frequently referred to as a "works chemist". His duties consisted laigcly of performing routine tests to determine the quality of the raw materials coming in, so to speak, the back door, and the finished goods going out of the front. In nearly every instance the "works chemist" reported to the factory manager. The analyst's prestige within the oiganization was largely that of a technician, rather than a person considered to be professional.
The "works chcmist" or analyst of this era was concerned almost exclusively with two branches of analytical chemistry, namely, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. In qualitative analysis, interest is directed to determine the constituent parts of a given product, without any effort to determine the quantitative relationships of these parts. Quantitative analysis, on the other hand, as a term does very definitely indicate, is directly concerned not only with determining the constituent parts, but how much of cach is present.
It is these two branches of chemistry that are still regarded to be main constituent parts of modern analytical chcmistry, though the methods and apparatus used by the analytical chcmists nowadays have greatly changed.
Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.
Упр. 4. Какие слова в тексте означают «потребительские товары»?
Упр. 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What fields of industrial manufacture required chemists' services? 2. What did chcmists have to do at plants and factories? 3. What branches of chcmistry did the "works chcmist" deal with? 4. What is the difference between qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis? 5. Do these two branches of analytical chemistry exist now?
Упр. б. Закончите следующие предложения:
1. Some of the factories found it desirable... 2. The main duty of an industrial chemist was... 3. The analyst of that era... 4. The aim of qualitative analysis is... 5. Quantitative analysis is directly conccrned... 6. At present, analytical chcmistry...
— Excuse me!
— Yes?
— Is there a canteen at the department?
— Yes, there is.
— Where is it?
— Not very far, just downstairs and round the comer.
— Thank you very much.
— That's all right.
Ex. 2. Respond to the following statements:
1. It's interesting to note that the very first factories and plants paid great attention to the quality of the raw materials and finished goods. 2.1 don't know whether the prestige of the analyst is high in industry now, but in the 19th ccntury it wasn't. 3. Often, it is not sufficient to determine what constituent parts arc present in a given product.
Ex. 3. Give detailed answers to the questions.
1. What i£ the origin of analytical chcmistry? 2. How did analytical chcmistiy change with time? 3. What arc the main constituent parts of analytical chemistry?
Ex. 4. Discuss the following topics:
1. The Contribution of Outstanding Scientists to the Development of Analytical Chemistry.
2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses.
3. Modem Analytical Chemistry.