Strange as it may seem now, the analyst and the "works chemist" of the 18th and 19th ccnturics depended almost entirely on what arc frequently defined today as the classical methods of analysis, namely, gravimetric analysis and volumetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis is based on methods of determining the weights of the respective constituents of a product, whereas volumetric analysis is based on volumes rather than weights, the volumes being determined by a process known as titration — that is, determination of the strength of acid and basic solutions.
Difficult as the situation of the so-called "works chcmist" during the industrial revolution was, it was not the sole reason for the decline of the glamour and prestige of the analyst in the early days of the science of chcmistry.
Following the logical sequence of events, it is not at all strange that chcmist, having taken natural substanccs apart in order to determine their constituent elements, would then begin gradually to think about synthesizing in a test-tube, at least some of the useful things found in nature. The next logical step, of course, was to begin to think about producing tilings not found in the natural state. Thus, wc had an evolution of research, principally in organic chcmistry, directed towards synthesizing old or new compounds, chiefly the latter.
About halfway between World War I and World War II, the analytical chcmist gradually began to experience a renaissance in his status with
other members of the profession and with management. Quality became a very important factor in cvcr-incrcasing competitive markets. With this wclcomc changc there camc a demand for more rapid and more accuratc methods of analysis. This demand led to a tremendous amount of research related to the broad field of analysis. New scientific concepts were introduced, many of them based on what might be called physical chcmistry.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
canteen, department, event, excuse, frequently, gradually, lecture, a lot of, lots of, manage, market, profession, quality, respective, scientific, seminar, sequence, synthesize, test-tube, thank, tremendous, tube
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
depend on the classical methods, be defined as, gravimetric analysis, volumctric analysis, rcspcctivc constituents, determine the volumes, the strength of acid and basic solutions, a difficult situation, the sole reason, in the early days of chcmistry, following the sequence of events, experience a renaissance, competitive markets, introduce a conccpt
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
казаться странным, почти полностью, определить все, тогда как, а не, затруднительное положение, совссм не странно, природные всщсства, чтобы определить, постепенно, синтезировать в пробирке, по крайней мерс, следующий шаг, таким образом, главным образом, химик-аналитик, потребность в новых методах анализа, огромное количество исследований, основываться на, быть направленным на, часто
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.
1. In... volumctric analysis... volumes were determined by... proccss known as ... titration. 2.... situation of... so-callcd "works chcmist" was rather difficult. 3. ... evolution of... research led to synthesizing old or
new compounds, chiefly ... latter. 4 quality became ... very important
factor. 5. There camc... demand for more rapid and more accurate methods of... analysis.
Ex. 8. Give synonyms for the following:
at present, wholly, single, start, mainly, fast, wide, idea, producc, often
Ex. 9. Give antonyms for the following:
frequently, easy, late, together, at oncc, useless, revolution, old, the latter, decrease
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Whenever an clement is oxidized, some elements must be reduced. 2. Wherever sulphide ores of the metals such as lead, coppcr, zinc may
be found, there, too, wc arc likely to find sulphur compounds of arsenic. 3. Strange as it may seem, considering its vital importance and the fact that it is around us everywhere, conscious acquaintance with oxygen dates back to only a little over two ccnturcs ago. 4. The energy involved in any reaction is usually callcd the heat of reaction, even though it may be clcctrical in nature. 5. The critical temperature is the highest temperature at which a vapour can be condensed to liquid by any pressure, however great it may be. 6. Whenever a person working in the laboratory mixes two or more substanccs and obtains a new product, he wants to know what has happened and what substances have been produced. 7. However that may be, the agreement between the two methods is satisfactory. 8. Important though it is, wc shall not consider this ease now. 9. Crude though it is, this value is most frequently employed. 10. Relatively little is known about the conditions of equilibrium which exist in the solid solution, whoever may say the opposite. 11. Whatever these observations may appear, such solutions obey Ohm's law, just as metallic conductors do. 12. Simple though it actually is, this method has the advantage of being simple and flexible and of involving usually only moderately complicated considerations. 13. This technique remains unreliable, although it has recently been improved. 14. Whatever you may say, this circumstancc no doubt prevented earlier observers from acccpting the conccpt. 15. Convenient as this method is, it has a drawback which involves a ccrtain risk. 16. However that may be, wc may raise the temperature and find a continuous scries of equilibrium states.
17. Whenever a beam of white light is passed through a prism, it spreads it out into a spectrum containing all the colours from red to violet.
18. Improbable though this case may appear at first glance, let us consider it in detail.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences Into English without using a dictionary.
1. Как это нн странно, многие методы анализа используются и ссйчас. 2. Такими классическими методами анализа являются гравиметрический анализ и объемный анализ. 3. Химики сначала разделяли природные вещества, чтобы определить составляющие их элементы. 4. Постепенно они начали думать о том, чтобы синтезировать некоторые полезные вещества в пробирке. S. Затем они подошли к следующей ступени — синтезировать совершенно новые вещества, б. Рост требований к качеству привел к дальнейшему совершенствованию методов анализа.
Ex. 12. Answer the following questions:
1. What methods of analytical chcmistry arc callcd the classical methods of analysis? 2. What is gravimetric analysis based on? 3. What is volumetric analysis? 4. How did chemists come to the idea of synthesizing a substancc? 5. What stimulated the evolution of methods of analysis?
Section II
Упр. 1. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
modern, instrumental, calorimctry, spectrometry, с fleet, spcctrography, diffraction, radiometric, polarography, modification, instrument, microanalysis, macroanalysis, perspective, scalc, fortune
Упр. 2. Проверьте, помните ли вы значения следующих слов; если нет, обратитесь к словарю:
by no means, supersede, supplement, supplant, wet, fluorimctry, continuous, size, sample, tracc, team, wheel