Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Who Is the Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis?
The more detailed is the scrutiny of the history of chcmistry, the greater is the number of interesting facts that come to light.
Those accustomed to associate the name of Kirchhoff with the discovery of spectrum analysis will undoubtedly be surprised to learn that in the year 1854, five years prior to the work of Kirchhoff, an unassuming country doctor in a Pennsylvania village definitely demonstrated the possibility of determining various elements by means of their lines in the spcctrum. In fact, this country doctor, David Alter, went further than this.
He pointed out that the method could be used to determine the composition of celestial bodies, thus laying the foundation for the application of the spcctroscopc in astronomy, among the modem sciences. He even called attention to the possibility of detecting impurities in a metal by this method, thus speaking the language of the most up-to-date spcctrographcr.
The only possible claim to priority over Altcr's discovery can be made in behalf of Sir John Hcrschcl, who in 1824 demonstrated the possibility of detecting small quantities of an alkali by its flame spectrum. However, this work was described in an inacccssiblc journal, thus receiving practically no publicity. Unfortunately, it is not unfrcqucntly that this happens. That is why scientists usually seek to publish their papers in prestigious journals: the better the reputation of the journal, the sooner the information it contains comcs to the reader. Furthermore, confuscd by the continual prcscncc of the strong orange lines, later found to be sodium lines. Hcrschcl soon regarded his own discovery as incorrect. The same prevalent sodium lines kept other physicists of that time from realizing that cach element has its characteristic line in the spcctrum.
Alter, however, was not obstructed by this stumbling block. Neither did the lack of scicntiflc instruments discourage him. He ground his own prism and constructed his own apparatus.
Упр. 3. Передайте основное содержание текста в нескольких предложениях.
Упр. 4. Какое слово в тексте означает «удерживать, мешать»?
Упр. 5. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What will surprise those who study the history of spectrum analysis? 2. What conclusion did David Alter comc to? 3. How did it happen that John Hcrschcl's work remained unknown? 4. Why do scientists try to publish their papers in well-known journals? 5. What prevented Hcrschcl from drawing the right conclusion?
Упр. 6. Закончите следующие предложения:
1. Five years prior to the work of Kirchhoff... 2. Alter pointed out that... 3. He called attention of other scientists to... 4. The priority of Hcrschcl's work is shown by... 5. Hcrschcl was confuscd...
Scction III
Ex. 1. Make up short dialogues according to the example. Example:
— Hello, Lena. Is Nick there?
— Yes, he is.
— What's he doing?
— He's busy with his paper. He's typing it.
— Can I speak to him?
— Just a moment, I'll call him to the phone.
Ex. 2. Respond to the following statements:
1. I'm not interested in the history of this or that phenomenon, the essence of it is the thing that matters. 2. It's not so easy to distinguish between various spectra. 3.1 think spectroscopy is a very interesting field.
Ex. 3. Give detailed answers to the questions.
1. What do you know about the contribution of scientists to the development of spectrum analysis? 2. What kinds of spectra arc known today? 3. How can they be obtained?
Ex. 4. Discuss the following topics:
1. Modern Methods of Analysis dealing with Spcctra.
2. The Importance of Spectral Analysis for Analytical Chemistry.
3. The Application of Spectral Analysis in Scicnccs Other than Chemistry.