ÏÐÅÄÏÐÈÍÈÌÀÒÅËÜÑÒÂÎ 2
UNIT 1
Tasks
(ïåðåâåñòè è âûó÷èòü – 2 áàëëà)
Translate into English using the expressions from the previous task.
Âûáðàòü òèï ñîáñòâåííîñòè
Îðãàíèçàöèîííàÿ ôîðìà
Îäèí âëàäåëåö
Ïîëó÷àòü âñå ïðèáûëü
Îïëàòà íàëîãîâ ñ äîõîäîâ
Îòâå÷àòü çà âñå äîëãè
Ïðèíèìàòü ðåøåíèÿ áåç êîíñóëüòàöèè ñ êåì-ëèáî
Êðóïíûé íåäîñòàòîê
ëè÷íûé èíòåðåñ ñîáñòâåííèêà ýôôåêòèâíîñòü áèçíåñà
ñòðîãîå îãðàíè÷åíèå
ïðèâëåêàòü êàïèòàë äëÿ ðàñøèðåíèÿ
ðîçíè÷íàÿ òîðãîâëÿ
ðåìîíòíûå ðàáîòû
READING
(çà ïåðåâîä êàæäîãî òåêñòà â ðàçäåëå READING – 1 áàëë, âñåãî 12 òåêñòîâ)
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II
Miscellaneous abbreviations
Corp. (Corporation): a corporation.
Inc. (Incorporated): a corporation.
Ltd. (Limited): a corporation, it is used mainly in the UK and it gets its name from the fact that stockholders have only limited liability.
NGO (Non-government organization): usually used to describe Non-profit Organizations.
III
Steven Jobs and many other entrepreneurs have organized their companies as corporations. A corporation is one kind of business organization. Other kinds of business organizations are sole proprietorships and partnerships.
Sole proprietorship. A sole proprietorshipis a business owned by one person. Sole proprietorships are the most numerous kind of business organization, but most are very small. The reason for their popularity is that they are the easiest and least costly to organize.
There are other advantages. Sole proprietors own all profit of their enterprises, and they are their “own bosses,” free to make whatever changes they please. They have minimal legal restrictions and do not have to pay the special taxes placed on corporations. Sole proprietors also have the opportunity to achieve success and recognition through their individual efforts.
There are also disadvantages. A very serious one is unlimited liability that each proprietor faces. All debts and all problems associated with the business belong to the owner. If a business fails, the owner must personally assume the debts. This could mean the loss of personal property such as automobiles, homes and savings. A second disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is that it has limited capital. The money that a proprietor can raise is limited by the amount of his or her savings and ability to borrow. Also when the owner dies, the business dies. Other disadvantages may include lack of opportunities for employees, limitations of size and growth lack of management resources.
UNIT 2
II
The Price System.One of the remarkable things about the American economic system is that it seems to run by itself. No central economic agency dictates responses to What, How and Who questions. Yet the questions are answered.
Prices determine what we are willing and able to buy. They influence us to continue in school or to accept a job. Prices help to determine what and where factories will be built, which businesses will succeed, which will fail, and even the color and style of the clothing that will be manufactured.
Prices, the money value of goods and services, carry so much information and so affect the behavior of buyers and sellers that economists often describe our economy as a price-directed system.
The price system provides the answers to the fundamental questions of What goods and services will be produces, How they will be produced, and Who will receive them.
How the price system answers the What question.When buyers want more of a product, they are willing to pay more for it. Higher prices attract other producers. As production increases, the need for additional workers causes wages to rise within the industry. When demand for the product fails, the opposite happens. Prices fall, producers who can no longer operate profitably shut down, or switch to other products, and production falls enough to meet the reduced demand.
How the price system answers the How question.The price system encourages sellers to produce in such a way as to costs and maximize profits.
Stanly Lee owns a newspaper delivery service. Stanly used to rely on 10 to 15 kids with bicycles to deliver the newspapers before and after school. One day Stanley calculated that it would cost less to use one adult with an automobile than 15 kids on bicycles to deliver his newspapers. He laid off the school kids and hired the adult.
How the price system answers the Who question.Those who graduate from high school earn more, on the average, than those who drop out. Many professional athletes earn more than letter carriers. Physicians and attorneys earn more, on the average, than stenographers and building superintendents.
Since they earn more, professional athletes, physicians and attorneys can afford to buy more goods and services than people earning less than they do. Thus, by assigning values to the work people do, the price system answers the Who question.
III
Competitionrefers to the rivalry among buyers and among sellers. Sellers compete by trying to produce the goods and services buyers want at the lowest possible price. Those unable or unwilling to sell at a price low enough to attract buyers will be unable to dispose of their goods and services. This rivalry benefits us all.
It benefits us by giving us the goods and services we want, when and where we want them. Producers know that if they don’t satisfy consumer demand, their competitors will.
It benefits us because producers must constantly strive to operate more efficiently. The quest of greater efficiency conserns scarce resources, increases output and raises living standards by reducing costs.
Buyers compete with one another because there is never around everything to go around. Those willing to pay the price can buy a steak. Those unwilling or unable to pay will substitute a less costly product like chopped meat, chicken or hot dogs. In other words, in the rivalry among buyers of steak, those unable to pay the price will lose to those who are able to pay.
If we think of private property, the price system and competition as providing the foundation of our free enterprise economic system, then profits and other economic incentives supply the cement that holds the structure together.
The role of economic incentives.Economic incentives influence our decisions about what and where to buy.
The desire to achievethe greatest profit for our efforts is the principal economic incentive in the American and other market economies. Economists refer to this as economic self-interest.
Of course economic self-interest cannot explain human behavior. Workers may pass up the chance to earn more simply because they don’t want to move to another region. Business firms often reduce their profit by contributing to charitable or other public service organizations. Many parents forgo job opportunities to raise their children at home. And for many reasons other than price, consumers may prefer to shop at one store rather than another.
UNIT 3
II
III
Cooperatives. Cooperatives(or co-ops) are associations of individuals or companies organized to perform business functions for their members. You may already be familiar with:
Housing co-ops, multiple dwelling units owned by their tenants.
Consumer co-ops, retail businesses owned by members who share in the profit and/or purchase goods or services at lower cost.
Producer co-ops, companies that manufacture and market products on behalf of their members. One of the largest of these is Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. this cooperative of neatly a thousand cranberry and citrus growers from around the country has annual sales of neatly $500 million.
Franchises. A franchise is a license to operate an individually owned business as if it were part of a large chain. Many clothing, real estate, fast food and motel chains are franchise operations.
Franchises provide advantages. Since the money to pay for a new franchise is provided by the franchisee (those who purchase the franchise), franchisors (corporations that sell their franchises to others) are able to expand their operations at little cost to themselves. Franchisors also benefit because franchisees are owners rather than employees of the business. This provides the kind of incentive that can lead to increased sales and profits.
Those who buy franchises also benefit. Many firms provide training programs, financial assistance and other kinds of help in operating and managing the business. Franchisees also benefit from the sales and name recognition generated by the company’s advertising campaign and reputation.
Franchises do have some disadvantages. Franchisors retain a great deal of control over their franchisees. They may dictate how the business is to be operated, the building decorated, even types of uniforms and signs. In addition, many franchisors require that the products must be purchased from the parent company at whatever price it chooses.
UNIT 3
Tasks
READING
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III
Geeks
Although they live hundreds miles apart, Steven Jobs and William Gates have much in common. Both were born in 1956. Both were pioneers in the personal computer industry. And both became multi-millionaires when they were still in their 20’s.
The earliest computers were highly technical machines, understandable only to scientists. Steven Jobs thought that if computers were easier to use and less expensive, the public would buy them. He was right. With $ 1300 (most of which came from the sale of his second-hand Volkswagen van), Jobs produced what he called the Apple I computer. The success of the Apple I gave him the money to finance the design of new and improved personal computers.
Bill Gates started in the computer industry when he was at school and has become the world’s youngest billionaire by the age of 31. A combination of technical brilliance and competitive business tactics quickly made him the most powerful man in Silicon Valley. He was intrigued by the success of the new personal computers coming into the market in the 1970’s. Gates realized that the success of personal computers would depend on the “user-friendly” (easy-to-use) software. In 1975 he co-founded Microsoft Corporation which designed the basic operating software for all IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers.
Today Microsoft Corporation is the largest software company. But Bill Gates wants his company Microsoft to be more than just a software house and in recent years it has diversified into many new fields.
Êîíòðîëüíûå ðàáîòû ïî 6 áàëëîâ.
Âñåãî 60 áàëëîâ çà ñåìåñòð