The binary privative opposition: íåðàâíîïðàâèå ÷ëåíîâ îïïîçèöèè
is formed by a contrastive pair of members in which one member (the ‘marked’, ‘strong’, ‘positive’ member commonly designated by the symbol +), is characterised by the presence of a certain differential feature (‘mark’), while the other member is characterised by the absence of this feature. (the ‘unmarked’, ‘weak’, ‘negative’ member commonly designated by the symbol — ).
Examples:
ïðîäàâåö (–) – ïðîäàâùèöà (+)
lion – lioness
goat – he/she-goat
give (sing., plur.) – gives (sing.)
[p, t, k] (devoiced) – [b, d, g] (voiced)
The equipollent opposition ÷ëåíû îäèíàêîâî ñèëüíî ïðîÿâëÿþò ïðèçíàê ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé êàòåãîðèè, â ðàìêàõ êîòîðîé îíè ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåíû
is formed by a contrastive pair or group in which the members are distinguished by different positive features.
Examples:
table (sing.) – tables (plural) within the category of number
[m] – [b] both bilabial consonants, [m] – sonorous nazalised, [b ] – plosive.
am — are — is.
Gradual oppositions îñíîâàíû íà èíòåíñèâíîñòè âûðàæåíèÿ ïðèçíàêà
They are always more than binary.
An example of the gradual morphological opposition can be seen in the category of comparison: strong — stronger — strongest.
The most important type of opposition is the binary privative opposition; the other types of oppositions are reducible to it.
Example:
the verb-form listens is marked negatively as the present tense (tense —), negatively as the indicative mood (mood —), negatively as the passive voice (voice—), positively as the third person (person +), etc.
3.3. Neutralization/Reduction and Transposition
In the process of communication grammatical oppositions may undergo the processes of neutralization (oppositional reduction, oppositional substitution) and transposition.
In various contextual conditions, one member of an opposition can be used in the position of the other, counter-member.
The opposition in this case is contracted and loses its formal distinctive force.
Example:
Man (used in the singular to denote people in general) conquers nature. The weak member of the categorial opposition of number has replaced the strong member.
Tonight we start for London.
The opposition ‘present — future’ has been reduced, the weak member (present) replacing the strong one (future).
The oppositional reduction above is stylistically indifferent.
Another kind of reduction is called ‘transposition’.
In this case one of the members of the opposition is placed in contextual conditions uncommon for it and the form is stylistically marked.
Example
That man is constantly complaining of something.
Transposition is based on the contrast between the members of the opposition, it may be defined as a contrastive use of the counter-member of the opposition. As a rule (but not exclusively) transpositionally employed is the strong member of the opposition.