Эти глаголы едва ли различаются по значению за исключением следующих особенностей употребления:
- ought to чаще выражает моральный долг, обязанность и поэтому стилистически «сильнее», чем should;
- за глаголом ought следует инфинитив с частицей to, а после should частица не ставится.
| Значение | Примеры |
| Моральное обязательство, долг (moral obligation, duty) | A doctor ought to help the sick. The young should help the old. |
| Совет (advice) | You should be more careful in your statements. They are just a hypothesis. |
| Критика, упрёк (criticism, disapproval, reproach) | The temperature was very high, you shouldn’t let her go. You should have listened more carefully. In this case you could have avoided the overdosage. |
| Сожаление (regret) | I should have sent him a preprint of my report beforehand. |
Task 6. Extend the statements according to the pattern. Use the words suggested:
| Don’t take this medicine now. (in an hour) You should take this medicine in an hour. |
1. Don’t drive so fast. (a bit slower)
2. Don’t take off your white gowns now. (when you leave the laboratory)
3. Don’t cross the road now. (when the lights turn green)
4. Don’t speak to the client now. (when he calms down)
5. Don’t write in pencil. (in ink)
6. Don’t copy the text now. (at home)
7. Don’t wake him up now. (in half an hour)
8. Don’t make an oral presentation. (a poster presentation)
9. Don’t rely on his calculations. (check them)
10. Don’t speak so loudly in a public place. (a bit quieter)
11. Don’t hesitate. (make up a decision at once)
12. Don’t smoke. (take care of your health)
Task 7. Extend the statements according to the pattern. Use the verb ought to and the words suggested in your sentences:
| Mrs. Brown is not well. (see a doctor) She ought to see a doctor. |
1) This student is so untidy. (be neater)
2) Mary is so selfish. (help her relatives)
3) He isn’t punctual. (come on time)
4) Your friend is very rude. (be more polite)
5) The client is so forgetful. (write down things)
6) These students are idle too often. (study more)
7) You work too much. (have a rest)
8)This doctor is very impatient. (more patient, especially while dealing with children and the old)
9) He is very careless about the claims. (more attentive to the claims)
Task 8. Use the appropriate modal verbs from this unit and the list of ideal qualities to give advice to your colleague on how to become a good clinical psychologist:
| Úare courteous | Úexplain what is happening and why |
| Úturn up on time | Úsay honestly when they can’t help |
| Úspeak directly to service-users, not carers or personal assistants | Údo what they are going to do and don’t over promise |
| Ú don’t use jargon | Ú check out that they’ve been understood |
| Ú ‘open their ears’ and ‘think before they talk’ | Úfind a mode of communication that works |
| Úlisten and ‘really hear’ and accept what clients are saying | Úare patient and make enough time to communicate with disabled service-users |
| Úrecognize the loss of dignity people experience when approaching social services for the first time and respond sensitively | Úunderstand the importance of privacy, peace and quiet and users’ and carers’ choice of meeting place |
| Úbuild trust, empathy and warmth | Úremember that young people may prefer to talk while doing something else. |
Task 9. Translate the sentences into English:
1. Он должен сдавать экзамен сегодня, а не завтра. 2. Вы, вероятно, ошиблись. 3. Ему нужна бумага и ручка, чтобы записать сообщение. 4. Ты не имеешь права входить в лабораторию без халата. 5. Я, наверное, забыла рецепт дома. Могу я купить это лекарство без рецепта? 6. Нам следует проанализировать все данные ещё раз. 7. Необходимо подтвердить все результаты фактами. 8. Вскоре он сможет ходить, но сейчас ему нужен покой. 9. Мне приходится вставать очень рано, т.к. я должен приходить на занятия вовремя. 10. Психолог может помочь вам преодолеть вашу депрессию. 11. Вы должны рассказать мне о ваших страхах. 12. Ты обязан представить проект к понедельнику.
Reading and Speech Practice
Text 1 Description of Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology is one field of psychology that deals with the understanding and treatment of abnormal behaviour. It is broad field that includes both practice and research. A clinical psychologist diagnoses and treats patients with psychological problems, and also trains, teaches, and conducts research in a hospital, clinic, school or office. In doing so, a clinical psychologist will apply the principles of psychology to assessment, prevention and rehabilitation of psychological distress, disability, dysfunctional behaviour and health risk behaviour.
A clinical psychologist is required to have received a PhD or PsyD before they may practice, which includes 4 to 6 years in graduate school and at least one year spent in clinical internships.
In approaching human problems clinical psychologists use a broad approach consisting of assessment, diagnosis, consultation, treatment, program development, administration and research. Clinical psychologists seek to develop and use a classification system of abnormal behaviour, to understand abnormal behaviour and its causes, and to find cures for abnormal behaviour. They cater to a broad population including children, adolescents, adults, the elderly, families, groups and disadvantaged groups. For example, a clinical psychologist must determine whether the behaviour that an individual exhibits is only a little unordinary, or whether it is abnormal in a way that will cause the individual problems. As well, once this factor has been determined the psychologist must determine how to go about treating someone who exhibits abnormal behaviour.
Clinical psychologists will use case studies, experimentation and testing to determine the above. Case studies are used in clinical work, as the client and the psychologist deal directly with each other. A case study is the investigation of a single individual that is conducted in order to draw general conclusions about the behaviour of that person. Case studies are essential for understanding the problems that people face and the best route of treatment for them.
Within their diagnosis process, the clinical psychologist uses scales, known as "clinical scales." As well, many psychologists are involved in the production of these scales and in improving the validity and reliability of them. Clinical scales measure abnormal behaviours that may be by-products of problems such as depression, hysteria, paranoia, schizophrenia and social introversion (shyness).
Clinical psychologists that work in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal behaviour can be considered mental health professionals that practice "psychotherapy." Psychotherapy is a formal relationship between a professional and an individual who is seeking help for their psychological problems.
Ethical standards are important in clinical psychology. A psychologist must conduct their activities in a highly ethical manner, and are required to be familiar with the ethical standards relevant to their activities. Some ethical matters that may be considered include confidentiality, guidelines in counseling women and children and guidelines in using animals in research for psychology.
Task 10. Study the following words and word combinations. Say what you know about these concepts:
Clinical residency – клиническая ординатура; to cater to – обслуживать, удовлетворять потребности; confidentiality - конфиденциальность, guidelines – рекомендации, основополагающие принципы; case study – изучение конкретного случая, исследование на конкретном примере; validity – правильность, достоверность; by-products – побочный эффект/результат; social introversion – социальная интровертированнсть.
Task 11. Match the English phrases with their Russian equivalents:
| 1. To use a broad approach | A. повышать надежность |
| 2. To exhibit unordinary behaviour | B. разработать классификацию |
| 3. To measure behaviours | C. осуществлять деятельность |
| 4. To improve reliability | D. применять широкий подход |
| 5. to go about doing sth | E. обслуживать кого-либо |
| 6. to apply the principles to sth | F. демонстрировать необычное поведение; вести себя необычно |
| 7. to conduct activities | G. подходить к чему-либо |
| 8. to seek help for sth | H. измерять поведенческие параметры |
| 9. to develop a classification | I. схема лечения |
| 10. to cater to smb | J. применять принципы к чему-либо |
| 11. route of treatment | K. искать помощь в решении чего-либо |
Key: 1D; 2F; 3H; 4A; 5G; 6J; 7С; 8; 9B; 10E; 11I.