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Grammatical Categories of the Finite Verb

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Grammatical Categories of the Finite Verb

Grammatical Categories of the Finite Verb - раздел Образование, LECTURE 8 OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR The Verb-Predicate Agreed With The Subject Of The Sentence In Two Grammatical...

The verb-predicate agreed with the subject of the sentence in two grammatical categories: number and person. Its specifically verbal categories were mood and tense. Thus in OE hē bindep ‘he binds’the verb is in the 3rd p. sg, Pres. Tense Ind. Mood; in the sentence Brinʒap mē hider pā ‘Bring me those (loaves)’ brinʒap is in the Imper. Mood pl.

Finite forms regularly distinguished between two numbers: sg and pl. The homonymy of forms in the verb paradigm did not affect number distinctions: opposition through number was never neutralised (see the conjugations in Table 9).

The category of Person was made up of three forms: the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd. Unlike number, person distinctions were neutralised in many positions. Person was consistently shown only in the Pres. Tense of the Ind. Mood sg. In the Past Tense sg of the Ind. Mood the forms of the 1st and 3rd p. coincided and only the 2nd p. had a distinct form. Person was not distinguished in the pl; nor was it shown in the Subj. Mood.

The category of Mood was constituted by the Indicative, Imperative and Subjunctive. As can be seen from the paradigms in Table 9 there were a few homonymous forms which eliminated the distinction between the moods: Subj. did not differ from the Ind. in the 1st p. sg Pres. Tense – bere, dēme – and in the 1st and 3rd p. in the Past. The coincidence of the Imper. and Ind. Moods is seen in the pl – lōciap, dēmap.

The category of Tense in OE consisted of two categorial forms, Pres. and Past. The tenses were formally distinguished by all the verbs in the Ind. and Subj. Moods, there being practically no instances of neutralisation of the tense opposition.

In order to understand the structure of the verb system one should get acquainted with the meanings and use of moods and tenses in OE.

The use of the Subj. Mood in OE was in many respects different from its use in later ages. Subj. forms conveyed a very general meaning of unreality or supposition. In addition to its use in conditional sentences and other volitional, conjectural and hypothetical contexts Subj. was common in other types of construction: in clauses of time, clauses of result and in clauses presenting reported speech, e. g.:

pā īet hē ascode hwæt heora cynin hāten wære, and him man and-swarode and cwæð pæt hē Ælle hāten wære ‘and yet he asked what their king was called, and they answered and said that he was called Ælle’. In presenting indirect speech usage was variable: Ind. forms occurred by the side of Subj. 109

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LECTURE 8 OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR

THE NOUN Grammatical Categories The Use of Cases The category of number consisted of two... Table...

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OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Plan 1. Preliminary remarks. Form-building. Parts of speech and grammatical categories.

Preliminary remarks. Form-Building. Parts of Speech and Grammatical Categories
OE was a synthetic, or inflected type of language; it showed the relations between words and expressed other grammatical meanings mainly with the help of simple (synthetic) grammatical forms. In bu

Grammatical Categories. The Use of Cases
The OE noun had two grammatical or morphological categories: number and case. In addition, nouns distinguished three genders, but this distinction was not a grammatical category; it was merely a c

Morphological Classification of Nouns. Declensions
The most remarkable feature of OE nouns was their elaborate system of declensions, which was a sort of morphological classification. The total number of declensions, including both the major and mi

Table 1
a-stems included Masc. and Neut. nouns. About one third of OE nouns were Masc. a-stems, e. g. cniht

Table 4
Note should be taken of the inflections -es of the Gen. sg, -as of the Nom. and Acc.

Personal Pronouns
As shown in Table 5 below, OE personal pronouns had three persons, three numbers in the 1st and 2nd p. (two numbers – in the 3rd) and three genders in the 3rd p. The pronouns of the

Table 6
As seen from the table, the paradigm of the demonstrative pronoun sē contained many homonymous forms.

Other Classes of Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns – hwā, Masc. and Fem., and hw et, Neut., – had a four-case paradigm (NE who, what). The Instr. case of hw et was used as a separate interroga

Weak and Strong Declension
As in other OG languages, most adjectives in OE could be declined in two ways: according to the weak and to the strong declension. The formal differences between the declensions, as well as their

Table 7
and also when the adjective formed a part of a

Table 8
The root-vowel interchanges in long, eald, ʒlæd go back to different sources. The variation [a~ æ]

Table 9
1. Some verbs had a narrowed vowel in the 2nd a

Grammatical Categories of the Verbals
In OE there were two non-finite forms of the verb: the Infinitive and the Participle. In many respects they were closer to the nouns and adjectives than to the finite verb; their nominal features w

Table 10
As seen from the tables the forms of the two participles were strictly differentiated. Participle I was formed from the Present te

Morphological Classification of Verbs
The conjugation of verbs given in Table 9 shows the means of form-building used in the OE verb system. Most forms were distinguished with the help of inflectional endings or grammatical suffixes; o

Strong Verbs
There were about three hundred strong verbs in OE. They were native words descending from PG with parallels in other OG languages; many of them had a high frequency of occurrence a

Table 12
Classes 1 and 3 were the most numerous of all: about 60 and 80 verbs, respectively; within Class 3 the first group – with a nasal

Table 13

Weak Verbs
The number of weak verbs in OE by far exceeded that of strong verbs. In fact, all the verbs, with the exception of the strong 119 verbs and the minor groups (which make a total of about 315-320 uni

Table 14
Participle II of most verbs preserved -e- before the dental suffix

Minor Groups of Verbs
Several minor groups of verbs can be referred neither to strong nor to weak verbs. The most important group of these verbs were the so-called "preterite /'pret(ə)

Table 15
Among the verbs of the minor groups there were several anomalous verbs with irregular forms. OE willan was an irre

The Phrase. Noun, Adjective and Verb Patterns
The syntactic structure of a language can be described at the level of the phrase and at the level of the sentence. In OE texts we find a variety of word phrases (also: word groups

The Simple Sentence
The following examples show the structure of the simple sentence in OE, its principal and secondary parts: The secondary

Compound and Complex Sentences. Connectives
Compound and complex sentences existed in the English language since the earliest times. Even in the oldest texts we find numerous instances of coordination and subordination and a large inventory

Word Order
The order of words in the OE sentence was relatively free. The position of words in the sentence was often determined by logical and stylistic factors rather than by grammatical constraints. In the