Table 15 - раздел Образование, LECTURE 8 OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Among The ...
Among the verbs of the minor groups there were several anomalous verbs with irregular forms.
OE willan was an irregular verb with the meaning of volition and desire; it resembled the preterite-presents in meaning and function, as it indicated an attitude to an action and was often followed by an Infinitive. Cf.:
Willan had a Past tense form wolde, built like sceolde, the Past tense of the preterite-present sculan, sceal. Eventually willan became a modal verb, like the surviving preterite-presents, and, together with sculan developed into an auxiliary (NE shall, will, should, would).
Some verbs combined the features of weak and strong verbs. OE dōn formed a weak Past tense with a vowel interchange: and a Participle in -n: dōn – dyde – ʒe-dōn (NE do). OE būan 'live' had a weak Past – būde andParticiple II, ending in -n, ʒe-būn like a strong verb.
Two OE verbs were suppletive. OE ʒān, whose Past-tense was built from a different root: ; and bēon(NE be)
Bēon is an ancient (IE) suppletive verb. In many languages – Germanic and non-Germanic – its paradigm is made up of several roots. (Recall R быть, есть, Fr être, suis, fut.) In OE the Present tense forms were different modifications of the roots *wes- and *bhū-, 1st p. sg – eom, bēo, 2nd p. eart, bist, etc. The Past tense was built from the root *wes- on the pattern of strong verbs of Class 5. Though the Infinitive and Participle II do not occur in the texts, the set of forms can be reconstructed as: *wesan – wæs – wǽron – *weren.
Grammatical Categories. The Use of Cases
The OE noun had two grammatical or morphological categories: number and case. In addition, nouns distinguished three genders, but this distinction was not a grammatical category; it was merely a c
Morphological Classification of Nouns. Declensions
The most remarkable feature of OE nouns was their elaborate system of declensions, which was a sort of morphological classification. The total number of declensions, including both the major and mi
Table 1
a-stems included Masc. and Neut. nouns. About one third of OE nouns were Masc. a-stems, e. g. cniht
Table 4
Note should be taken of the inflections -es of the Gen. sg, -as of the Nom. and Acc.
Personal Pronouns
As shown in Table 5 below, OE personal pronouns had three persons, three numbers in the 1st and 2nd p. (two numbers – in the 3rd) and three genders in the 3rd p. The pronouns of the
Table 6
As seen from the table, the paradigm of the demonstrative pronoun sē contained many homonymous forms.
Other Classes of Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns – hwā, Masc. and Fem., and hw et, Neut., – had a four-case paradigm (NE who, what). The Instr. case of hw et was used as a separate interroga
Weak and Strong Declension
As in other OG languages, most adjectives in OE could be declined in two ways: according to the weak and to the strong declension. The formal differences between the declensions, as well as their
Table 7
and also when the adjective formed a part of a
Table 8
The root-vowel interchanges in long, eald, ʒlæd go back to different sources. The variation [a~ æ]
Grammatical Categories of the Finite Verb
The verb-predicate agreed with the subject of the sentence in two grammatical categories: number and person. Its specifically verbal categories were mood and tense. Thus in OE hē bindep
Table 9
1. Some verbs had a narrowed vowel in the 2nd a
Grammatical Categories of the Verbals
In OE there were two non-finite forms of the verb: the Infinitive and the Participle. In many respects they were closer to the nouns and adjectives than to the finite verb; their nominal features w
Table 10
As seen from the tables the forms of the two participles were strictly differentiated. Participle I was formed from the Present te
Morphological Classification of Verbs
The conjugation of verbs given in Table 9 shows the means of form-building used in the OE verb system. Most forms were distinguished with the help of inflectional endings or grammatical suffixes; o
Strong Verbs
There were about three hundred strong verbs in OE. They were native words descending from PG with parallels in other OG languages; many of them had a high frequency of occurrence a
Table 12
Classes 1 and 3 were the most numerous of all: about 60 and 80 verbs, respectively; within Class 3 the first group – with a nasal
Weak Verbs
The number of weak verbs in OE by far exceeded that of strong verbs. In fact, all the verbs, with the exception of the strong 119 verbs and the minor groups (which make a total of about 315-320 uni
Table 14
Participle II of most verbs preserved -e- before the dental suffix
Minor Groups of Verbs
Several minor groups of verbs can be referred neither to strong nor to weak verbs.
The most important group of these verbs were the so-called "preterite /'pret(ə)
The Phrase. Noun, Adjective and Verb Patterns
The syntactic structure of a language can be described at the level of the phrase and at the level of the sentence. In OE texts we find a variety of word phrases (also: word groups
The Simple Sentence
The following examples show the structure of the simple sentence in OE, its principal and secondary parts:
The secondary
Compound and Complex Sentences. Connectives
Compound and complex sentences existed in the English language since the earliest times. Even in the oldest texts we find numerous instances of coordination and subordination and a large inventory
Word Order
The order of words in the OE sentence was relatively free. The position of words in the sentence was often determined by logical and stylistic factors rather than by grammatical constraints. In the
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; and bēon (NE be)
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