Structured by Modern Methods

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For Civil Engineering Students
НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК Рекомендовано вченою радою ДонДТУ Алчевськ УДК- 811.111:624(075.8) Р - 93 Рибакова Надія Степанівна – ст. викладач кафедри теорії

Concrete Structures
Concrete, unlike any other structural building material, allows the architects and engineers to choose not only its mode of production, but its material properties as well. When architects and engi

Assignments
Exercise 1. Put the sentences containing the main ideas of each paragraphs in a logical order according to the text.  In 1903, A. O. Elzner completed the first rei

Text 2 Innovation in Construction Technology
Much of the technological change in concrete construction was in the first half of the 20th century. Advances in formwork, mixing of concrete, techniques for pumping, and types of admixtures to imp

Assignments
Exercise 1.Divide thetext intothree logical parts: an introductory part and three information ones. Entitle each of them.   Exercise 2.State

Text 3 Improvements in Concrete Technology
Along with advances in the ways that concrete is brought to the site, the types of formwork in which it is cured, and how it is placed at high elevations, its mechanical and chemical properties hav

Assignments
Exercise 1.Read the text carefully and fill in the table to compare mechanical and chemical characteristics of different types of concrete.  

Text 4 Advances in Structural Systems
The issues involved with structural design and technology are ones of both natural and human implications. A structure must be designed to carry gravity, wind, equipment and snow; resist high or lo

Assignments
Exercise 1.State what natural and human factors are involved with structural design and technology. Exercise 2.In paragraph 2 find sentences to prove the

Text 5 Trends in Tall buildings
The first reinforced concrete high-rise, the Ingalls Building was a post-and-beam system standing 15 stories. In the design of the Ingalls Building, standing at 210 ft. (64 m), every major developm

Assignments
Exercise 1.Fill in the tableusing the information of the text.   Built Architect/ Company Height,

Text 1 Taiwan On Top
The official opening of the Taipei 101 Tower in December 2004, makes it one of the world's tallest building (Fig. 2.1). In the 20th century, competition for this title was largely waged in Chicago

Formed by Traditional Values
Furthermore, there's a difference in cultural perception between Westerners, who may respect the sheer scale of tall buildings, and Asians, for whom tall buildings symbolize the future and the noti

Constructed with Great Courage
Erecting the building was not easy. It required lifting thousands of tons of steel and concrete into the sky. An earthquake during construction in March 2002 caused a crane to fall, killing several

Assignments
Exercise 1. Read the introductory and the first part of the text and answer the questions. 1. In the 20th century the highest skyscrapers were built in America, weren’t th

Text 2 Swiss Re Tower by Foster and Partners
During construction, London's newest highrise conjured up many emotions from visitors and locals alike: here was a building that would bring a major change to the skyline. It became affectionately

Success after False Starts
In 1992, an Irish Republican Army bomb destroyed the historic Baltic Exchange in St. Mary Axe. This had been the last Edwardian trading floor in London. In 1995, the exchange sold the site to devel

Spirals of Glass
The tower's glazing wraps around a diagonally braced structure, with a new public space of around 7500 square feet (694 square meters) of retail in a double-arcade on the ground floor. Entrances to

Public Life
In deference to street life, the architects tapered the tower at its base to improve connections to the surrounding streets and allow the maximum amount of sunlight to reach the plaza level. The ci

Assignments
Exercise 1. Give some facts from the text to prove the following statements: a) Swiss Re Tower is said to be London's first environmental skyscraper. b) set in th

Text 3 Illuminating Foster
  The young German artist Thomas Emde, whose medium is light and color, has just added the finishing touches to a Norman Foster building. The Commerzbank in Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Assignments
Exercise 1.Chose the statements which correspond to the contents of the text. 1. The Commerzbank in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is said to be the world's highest office bu

Text 4 Austrian Sky Garden
Until around the turn of the 21st century, high-rise buildings were quite rare in Vienna. Here and there a radio tower or an office building would reach above the Austrian capital's skyline, but sk

The SEG Apartment Tower
The sky-blue SEG Apartment Tower is situated not in Vienna's center, but on the other side of the River Danube in a kind of suburb gradually becoming urban. This densification of office and residen

A Climatic Facade
On the east side, the sky lobby becomes the "basement" of the common airspace that is open to the top in a shaft between the inner and outer glass skins. Jutting out into this space are i

Assignments
Exercise 1. Combine these pairs of sentences from the first part of the text by choosing the proper connector given in the right-hand column. 1.

Text 5 Building Petronas Towers
  The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, now the tallest buildings on earth (1,483-ft.(452 m), are among the architectural wonders of the world (Fig. 2.13). The story of their construct

Construction Innovations
One of the first challenges of construction was anchoring the towers to the ground. The bedrock beneath the site was feared to be very irregular and Thornton-Tomasetti, the structural engineers, su

Building the Skybridge
One of the most dramatic feats was the placement of the two-story skybridge, which was built on the ground and hoisted to its location joining the 41st and 42nd floors (Fig. 2.14). After it was lif

Assignments
Exercise 1.Use the information of the text to answer the questions. 1. What architectural features of East and West do the Petronas Towers reflect? 2. Why was the

Assignments
Exercise 1.Use the information of the text to answer the questions. 1. What architectural features of East and West do the Petronas Towers reflect? 2. Why was the

Assignments
Exercise 1.Read the text carefully and find sentences to prove the idea of the title. Exercise 2.Be ready to list accommodations the “Two ifc” house.

Assignments
Exercise 1.Read the text carefully and find sentences to prove the idea of the title. Exercise 2.Be ready to list accommodations the “Two ifc” house.

Assignments
Exercise 1.The text is divided into 4 logical parts. Choose the most suitable title to each part from the given below. Part 1. 1. The building ac

Text 2 Gehry at MIT
  1. The latest installment in a billion-dollar construction program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has just opened on the Cambridge campus, and it's unlike anything els

Assignments
Exercise 1. The main idea of the first part of the text is that the Ray and Maria Stata Center, designed by Frank Gehry, is unlike anything else MIT has ever built. Try and find se

Text 3 Show House Cubed
In Gurgaon, India, a fast-growing suburb of Delhi, an unusual house has just been erected. Designed by architect Ganesh Ganapathy, the building is a glass cube seemingly balanced on one vertex (Fig

Assignments
Exercise 1.Put the following sentences in a logical order according to the content of the text.  The skin of the house is glass framed with aluminum, which serves

Text 4 Assembly by Rogers
1. Despite the breathtaking views over Cardiff Bay toward Penarth Marina, visitors to the new National Assembly for Wales, standing on the grand, slate-clad terraces, will find it is impossible to

Text 4 Assembly by Rogers
1. Despite the breathtaking views over Cardiff Bay toward Penarth Marina, visitors to the new National Assembly for Wales, standing on the grand, slate-clad terraces, will find it is impossible to

Assignments
Exercise 1.Look through the text again and give the rejoinders to the following. 1. BMW Welt designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au has such a complex geometry because … .

Text 1 The Concept of Green Building
Buildings have a profound effect on the environment, that’s why green building practices are so important to reduce and perhaps one day eliminate those impacts. In the United States alone, building

Assignments
Exercise 1. Developing the idea of the text complete these statements. 1. Buildings have a considerable impact on the environment, that’s why … . 2. Green archite

Text 2 Prefab Platinum
1. On a cloudy day in April 2006, a crowd of curious onlookers gathered on a hillside street in Santa Monica, California, to watch the installation of the first LivingHomes prefabricated house. Ove

Assignments
Exercise 1. Choose the appropriate title to each of the four parts of the text.  Attention to Materials.  Efficiency in Construction. ̽

Text 3 Housing Tango
1. Green architecture has deep roots in Sweden, with its history of frugality and strong technological tradition. When the city of Malmц announced its plans for "Bo01, City of Tomorrow,"

Assignments
Exercise 1. Look through the first part of the text and agree or disagree with the following statements. 1. Green building practice is well developed in Sweden. 1

The Built Green Colorado program
Built Green Colorado is a voluntary program, which is believed to be the largest green building program in the United States. It promotes the use of building technologies, products, and practices t

The Built Green Colorado program
Built Green Colorado is a voluntary program, which is believed to be the largest green building program in the United States. It promotes the use of building technologies, products, and practices t

The Built Green Colorado program
Built Green Colorado is a voluntary program, which is believed to be the largest green building program in the United States. It promotes the use of building technologies, products, and practices t

Assignments
Exercise 1. From the first part of the text find the answers to the following questions. 1. What does the Built Green Colorado program promote? 2. How does this p

Exercise 5. In the third part of the text find the information to complete the sentences below.
1. The construction of the award-winning Model 8027 begins by ? and ends by ? .

Exercise 5. In the third part of the text find the information to complete the sentences below.
1. The construction of the award-winning Model 8027 begins by ? and ends by ? .

Assignments
Exercise 1. Choose the appropriate title to each of the four parts of the text and comment on them.  Generating Energy.  Green Depths. R

Text 1 Walls Still Growing Up
Thousands of years ago, a primitive mortar helped transform a pile of stones into an enclosure of habitable space. Since then, a complex interweaving of technical and social change has continually

Age of Steel
The prevalence of solid masonry began to wane in Western societies in the late 19th century, with the introduction of steel frame construction. While effective for low-rise construction, solid maso

Age of Curtains
Transitional masonry construction gradually evolved into a new building style, that of lightweight "curtain wall" construction installed over internal structural framing. This constructio

Walls Today
Over the course of building history, solid masonry construction became a well understood and finely tuned art. Many of these buildings are still in use hundreds, even thousands, of years later, sta

Text 2 Doubly Transparent
Growing concern for occupant comfort and lower energy costs has led to a recent revolution in curtain wall design, primarily in Europe. Dynamic, double-skin walls that induce air movement between t

Early Modern Walls
In the mid-20th century, with the advent of centrally controlled HVAC systems, predominantly of the variable air volume (VAV) type, and with the requisite over or under pressure conditions to drive

Decentralization and Integration
With the goal of environmental transparency in mind, Murphy/Jahn designed the Bayer Headquarters in Leverkusen, Germany with an active, environmentally responsive facade. A double skin creates envi

Scale Establishes Concepts
The next step in the evolution of these double-skin walls was to integrate such decentralized environmental control systems within the standard curtain wall thickness. In the MAX Project in Frankfu

Text 3 Metal Stud Precast
Although precast concrete is an outstanding architectural material, its heavy weight can limit where and how it's used. A recently completed project demonstrates how a relatively new type of lighte

Wall Composition
The company's technology makes it possible to prefabricate thin-shell concrete panels that are only two and a half inches (64 millimeters) thick, supported by light-gauge, cold-formed steel framing

Prefabrication Process
To create the panels, Coreslab used large flat casting tables with smooth fiberglass surfaces and side rails around the perimeter. The cold-formed steel framing was prefabricated into the required

Text 4 Building Monolithic Domes
It's been called a "new paradigm in construction" because it relies on a building process unlike any other. But despite its uniqueness, this monolithic dome construction process has devel

Monolithic Dome Churches
Because the dome form has been part of church architecture for centuries, it is only natural that churches are a popular application for monolithic domes. Faith Chapel Christian Center in

Sports Facilities
While a church currently holds the record for the largest monolithic dome ever built in the United States, there are even bigger ones on the horizon. David B. South, who co-invented and pa

Monolithic Dome Houses
Hundreds of domed residences have been built around the world. They range from 300-square-foot (28-square-meter) rental units to million dollar luxury houses. There are even a few underground.

Text 5 Revolutionary Domes
A dome-shaped house that can rotate 300 degrees? It may sound quirky, but this is the product of Canadian company Sunspace Rotating Homes. They design and build these structures, mainly on small hi

Manufacturing Domed Houses
The company was founded in Vancouver in 1997 by architect Ronan Le Glatin and timber-frame builder Cormac McCarthy. Le Glatin was intrigued with the domed, rotating houses he observed in France.

Adjusting to Spin
Life in a rotating house can take some getting used to. When he forgets that he turned the house before going to bed, Tufano can be startled in the morning by an unexpected view out the bedroom win

Text 6 High-Tech Windows Could Save Energy
A window is one of the most complex components in a building. It gives us light, views, fresh air, and the sun's warmth. Yet at times trying to balance these benefits works against the goals of com

C O N T E N T S
PREFACE………………………………………………………….. 3/4 PART I……………………………………………………………... Unit I Evolution of Concret