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- Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers Text 1 History of Concrete and Reinforced
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Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers Text 1 History of Concrete and Reinforced
Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers Text 1 History of Concrete and Reinforced - раздел Образование, Міністерство Освіти, Науки, Молоді Та Спорту...
Міністерство освіти, науки, молоді та спорту
Донбаський державний технічний університет
Н.С. Рибакова
English Reader
For Civil Engineering Students
Рекомендовано вченою радою ДонДТУ Алчевськ УДК- 811.111:624(075.8)PART I
Unit I
Evolution of Concrete Skyscrapers
Text 1 History of Concrete and Reinforced
Concrete Structures
Travelling through time, one learns that the art of proportioning of concrete was known to the Roman builders and the Pharaohs of Egypt in a… The baseline from which to measure the history and development of the… Discovery in a modern sense of reinforced concrete actually occurred during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.…Assignments
In 1903, A. O. Elzner completed the first reinforced concrete skyscraper using Ransome's twisted steel bars. The use of concrete was lost for centuries until discovered again in… The first users of concrete date before 1200 BC and include societies like the Phoenicians, Minoans, and…Text 2 Innovation in Construction Technology
The most efficient construction coordination plan for a tall building is one that allows formwork to be reused multiple times. Traditionally,… Slip forms are another type of early removal system using materials, which are… Jump forms are another type of concrete formwork, which moves as concrete cures to create a reusable, economic system.…Assignments
Exercise 2.State what advances facilitated working with concrete in high-rise… Exercise 3.Answer the questions to the second part of the text.Text 3 Improvements in Concrete Technology
Lightweight Concrete: It can be made from a variety of aggregate types. A few of these are scoria, pumice, vermiculite, perlite, herculite and… Lightweight concrete as a structural material has many uses. This includes… High Strength Concrete (HSC): HSC is also known as micro silica concrete or condensed silica fume concrete (CSF).…Assignments
Exercise 2.Answer the following questions. 1. What affects the properties of lightweight concrete? 2. What is silica fume which is used for manufacturing HSC?Text 4 Advances in Structural Systems
Over the history of tall building structures, the changes in technology have been tremendous. Part of this comes from the daily strategies of human… Considering structure alone, there are two main categories for high-rise… When reinforced concrete was first introduced as a building material, there were limitations on the heights that those…Assignments
Exercise 2.In paragraph 2 find sentences to prove the idea that over the history of high-rises there were three different types of tall building… Exercise 3.Correlate the types of concrete systems with their descriptions… Exercise 4.Characterize different tube system configurations and structures they were used in.Text 5 Trends in Tall buildings
The Marina City Twin Towers were built in 1962 in the center of an industrial park. Architect Bertrand Goldberg knew that whoever lived there would… The Water Tower Place (Fig.1.7) became yet another high-rise structure of…Assignments
The Water Tower Place The Sears Tower … Exercise 2.Compare different skyscrapers paying particular attention to the structural systems used during their…UNIT II
MODERN SKYSCRAPERS
Text 1 Taiwan On Top
Figure 2.1 - Taipei 101, considered one of the world'sFormed by Traditional Values
The 1,667-foot- (508-meter-) high 101 Tower, for instance, is built in an economic climate with relatively slow corporate spending. And leasing… Designed by C.Y. Lee and Partners, architects of many tall buildings in Taiwan… With a form composed to balance international design with local cultural traditions, the 101 Tower has eight sections…Structured by Modern Methods
Built on a site just 650 feet (200 meters) from a fault line, the 101 Tower has been structured with pioneering features. An 800-ton… a - the suspended sphere which absorbs movements from… Figure 2.3 - The huge steel sphere of the tuned mass dampening systemConstructed with Great Courage
Integral to the tower's composition are the observation decks and restaurant spaces on floors 86 and 88. The intention is to provide tourists and… Although this may be the intention of President Chen-Shui Bian, a keen… Now, most of the office space is empty but expected to be leased soon. However, the bottom five levels are occupied…Assignments
1. In the 20th century the highest skyscrapers were built in America, weren’t they? 2. Why are Asian countries such as Taiwan, India and China planning and… 3. When was the Taipei 101 Tower completed?Text 2 Swiss Re Tower by Foster and Partners
Officially known as Swiss Re Tower, the building at 30 St. Mary Axe, designed by Foster and Partners, has won critical acclaim including the 2004… Figure 2.5 - The glazed tower is in London's historic financial districtSuccess after False Starts
Figure 2.7 - London's distinctive new Swiss Re Tower, at 30 St. Mary Axe,…Spirals of Glass
The building provides 450,000 square feet (41,810 square meters) of net office space. At the edge of each floorplate is horizontal slots, created… At every sixth floor, the atria feature gardens that control and purify moving… The envelope at the office areas consists of a double-glazed outer layer and a single-glazed inner screen that…Public Life
Yet, to call the space "public" is a misnomer. The tightly squeezed plaza is uninviting. A meeting point possibly but never a relaxing… Swiss Re occupies eight office floors half way up the building; the remaining… The answer as to where to dine within the city is answered at the building's top floors. A restaurant at level 39, and…Assignments
a) Swiss Re Tower is said to be London's first environmental skyscraper. b) set in the center of the City the building's distinctive shape has already… c) the Stirling Prize judges were unanimous in their award decision. saying in their citation: "The client wanted…Text 3 Illuminating Foster
The young German artist Thomas Emde, whose medium is light and color, has just added the finishing touches to a Norman Foster building. The… Figure 2.7 - The light installation gives the impression of transparency to the building at night and during the day …Assignments
1. The Commerzbank in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is said to be the world's highest office building. 2. Nine gardens of the Commerzbank in conjunction with the atrium create… 3. In his lighting design Thomas Emde wished to emphasize the building’s unique triangular plan.Text 4 Austrian Sky Garden
So when the firm Coop Himmelb(l)au built a 25-story apartment tower, its height drew attention (Fig. 2.10). Also remarkable was its passive heating… Figure 2.10 - The SEG Apartment Tower by Vienna firm Coop Himmelb(l)auThe SEG Apartment Tower
Entering this vertical Garden of Eden, one is alerted to its novelty by the unusual shape of the glass-roofed entrance and the lobby, which is… Those who choose to live here are expressing a chic individualism. Part of the…A Climatic Facade
On top of the building sits a huge, dark, cubical "air box." In the winter, the air behind the outer glass facade warms and rises to the… Figure 2.12 - The building's "cool head" - a huge dark cube that con-Assignments
Exercise 2. In the second partthe author speaks about the novelties in the SEG Apartment Tower design, such as: the glass-roofed entrance, the… Exercise 3. Read the third part of the text attentively and state the… - the airspace on the east side of the building;Text 5 Building Petronas Towers
The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, now the tallest buildings on earth (1,483-ft.(452 m), are among the architectural wonders of the world (Fig.…Construction Innovations
For the new location, they designed an underground forest of friction piles to provide greater distribution of the towers' weight. Over the piles… The towers are framed with a structure of concrete core walls and columns… Construction of the towers was fast paced, thanks in part to the decision to let two contracts, one for each tower, to…Building the Skybridge
Figure 2.14 - Two-story skybridge, built on the ground and hoisted into placeAssignments
1. What architectural features of East and West do the Petronas Towers reflect? 2. Why was the construction site of the Petronas Towers relocated? 3. What foundation was designed for the towers?Text 6 Hong Kong's New Tallest
Figure 2.17 - Two ifc, by Cesar Pelli and Rocco Design, towers over Hong …Assignments
Exercise 2.Be ready to list accommodations the “Two ifc” house. A lower tower in the complex includes: ? , ? , ? , ? , ? , ? . The taller tower in the complex houses financial firms and is equipped with: ? , ? , ? , ? .UNIT III
INNOVATIVE STRUCTURES
Text 1 Foster's New City Hall
1. At first glance, you would hardly believe it is a public service building. Looking more like a moon base landing unit than a city hall, the Great…Assignments
Exercise 2.From each part of the text write down key words to be used for summarizing them. Exercise 3.Find and copy out all attributes the author used to describe the… Exercise 4.Prove the author’s idea that architects and engineers produced a world-class example of energy-conscious…Text 2 Gehry at MIT
1. The latest installment in a billion-dollar construction program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has just opened on the Cambridge… The Ray and Maria Stata Center, designed by Frank Gehry, is a rambling collage…Assignments
Exercise 2.Comment on the materials used for the construction of the building and its sculptural pieces described in the second part. Exercise 3.Look through the third part of the text dealing with the building… Exercise 4.The fourth part of the text covers the information about the Stata Center interior. Be ready to answer the…Text 3 Show House Cubed
Figure 3.9 - The "Cube" is a house designed by Ganesh Ganapathy, built in a suburb of Delhi, IndiaAssignments
The skin of the house is glass framed with aluminum, which serves to accentuate the shape. The architect Ganesh Ganapathy and his clients spent nine months… The owners are delighted with their new house, and the architect is grateful for the freedom to experiment. …Text 4 Assembly by Rogers
Figure 3.11 – The new National Assembly for WalesAssignments
Exercise 1.Find sentences from the text to comment on the following statements.
1. The Welsh National Assembly needed a world-class building.
2. The strategy to build a dramatic mushroom-shaped roof is enormously successful as both an urban gesture and a design element.
3. The National Assembly for Wales is considered a pioneering example of sustainability.
Exercise 2.Entitle each of the 3 parts of the text.
Exercise 3.Make up a short summary of the text.
Exercise 4. In 1995, during a lecture series for the BBC, Richard Rogers spoke about the environmental crisis that many people are only now acknowledging. Translate the abstract of his lecture in written form.
"Human life has always depended on the three variables of population, resources, and environment. But today, we're perhaps the first generation to face the simultaneous impact of expanding populations, depletion of resources, and erosion of the environment. All this is common knowledge, and yet, incredibly, industrial expansion carries on regardless.
Historically, societies unable to solve their environmental crises have either migrated or become extinct. The vital difference today is that the scale of our crisis is no longer regional but global: it involves all of humanity and the entire planet."
Text 5 Coop Himmelb(l)au's BMW World
Figure 3.14 - A twisting double-cone form of BMW Welt, a new car showroom and event space for BMWAssignments
1. BMW Welt designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au has such a complex geometry because … . 2. The inside of BMW Welt doesn't feel clinical, nor too large and impersonal… 3. The initial design of the roof was changed by the client because …UNIT IV
GREEN BUILDING
Text 1 The Concept of Green Building
On the aesthetic side, green architecture or sustainable design (the two terms are often used interchangeably to relate to any building designed… Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include rapidly… Low-impact building materials are used wherever feasible: for example, insulation may be made from low VOC (volatile…Assignments
1. Buildings have a considerable impact on the environment, that’s why … . 2. Green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a… 3. In designing green buildings there are several important steps, such as … .Text 2 Prefab Platinum
Figure 4.3 - A model prefabricated house by architect Ray Kappe, FAIA and developer LivingHomesAssignments
Attention to Materials. Efficiency in Construction. Winning Project.Text 3 Housing Tango
Figure 4.4 - Tango, a housing winning project by Moore RubleAssignments
1. Green building practice is well developed in Sweden. 1 – Yes 2 – No 2. The project for "Bo01, City of Tomorrow" called Tango for its dynamic body nature was created as a model…Text 4 Built Green Colorado
The Built Green Colorado program
As vast quantities of resources are consumed in residential construction the Built Green Colorado program tackles the challenge of reducing the… "We believe that the informed homebuyer will recognize the value of the… This year Tierra Concrete Homes won "Built Green Home of the Year over $500,000" for a house built using…Tierra's Insulated Concrete Houses
To facilitate bank financing for buyers, Tierra's insulated concrete houses look the same as conventionally framed houses. To ensure sales, they… Over twenty years ago Frank Fosdick, Tierra's project manager, invented a… Under this patented system, the walls are poured flat at the job site or on a casting bed at a manufacturing site.…The Lennar's Model 8027 House
Improving a building's thermal performance is one of the most effective ways to reduce its environmental impact. To maximize passive solar heating… In addition to formaldehyde-free, recycled-content insulation within the wall… Choices of materials also bear out a commitment to sustainability. The house is designed to avoid using…Assignments
1. What does the Built Green Colorado program promote? 2. How does this program solve the problem of reducing the environmental costs… 3. What is the aim of awarding outstanding projects in residential construction?Exercise 5. In the third part of the text find the information to complete the sentences below.
2. Environmentally sound practices are achieved by ? and ? . 3. Building’s thermal performance is improved by ? , ? , ? , ? . 4. To avoid using large dimension solid lumber ? are used.Text 5 Pelli's Platinum Visionaire
Figure 4.13 - The Visionaire overlooks the Hudson River from Manhattan's…Assignments
Generating Energy. Green Depths. Winning Project of low-impact high-end building.Part II
TEXTS for written translation
UNIT V
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
Text 1 Walls Still Growing Up
The development of lime-burning kilns in Mesopotamia around 2450 BCE provided a great leap forward in building technology. Lime mortar was far… In some parts of the world, buildings constructed of solid, load-bearing… Heat and moisture were controlled by slow absorption and redistribution through the thick masonry walls, which…Age of Steel
The Monadnock Building (1891) in Chicago exemplifies the difficulties of building tall structures with load-bearing walls (Fig. 5.1). Its 16-story… Figure 5.1 - Monadnock BuildingAge of Curtains
While this greatly reduced the risk of cladding failure due to differential movement, curtain wall construction introduced a new set of problems.… Early curtain wall systems were built without redundancy; that is, they relied… The most common of these is the drainage-plane wall system in which the primary waterproofing is concealed within the…Walls Today
While contemporary building designers have skills that are technically more sophisticated than those of their predecessors, they are, by comparison,… This is partially because the fast pace of technical change in the… While solid masonry construction techniques evolved over thousands of years, today's designers have just over 100…Text 2 Doubly Transparent
The new generation of glass wall is an active component of the heating, ventilation, and cooling (HVAC) system, bringing air tempering installations… The premise is simple and harkens back to low-energy ventilation systems that… The major technical evolution that brings these systems in line with modern design criteria is the automation of the…Early Modern Walls
The wall did retain influence in that a better thermal barrier at the wall would allow for smaller and less complicated HVAC systems. In the 1970s… Beginning in the early 80s, improved energy efficiency in vision glass allowed… One example was the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) building, the facilities department for Disney grounds and…Decentralization and Integration
Figure 5.4 - Inside the double-skin wall of Bayer Headquarters To provide solar control, 12-inch- (30-centimeter) wide perforated aluminum louvers were located between the two glass…Scale Establishes Concepts
Figure 5.6 - The MAX Project in Frankfurt, by Murphy/Jahn For solar control in these newer buildings, an exterior floating plane of laminated heat-absorbing glass shields the…Text 3 Metal Stud Precast
The new Munger Research Center in San Marino, California adds 90,000 square feet (8,400 square meters) of space to the Huntington Library, home to…Wall Composition
Bert England, lead designer for the project and senior vice president of Earl Corporation, explains the panels' construction: The shear-transfer… Using the thin, lightweight panels, England continues, "enabled us to get… The panels' weight and strength made it practical to transport and erect panels up to 16 feet tall by 40 feet long…Prefabrication Process
The framing was then set into the forms and secured in place above the casting table so that concrete could be cast to the required thickness. In… While the precast concrete is very thin, the designers wanted to recess the…Text 4 Building Monolithic Domes
One reason for the popularity of these steel-reinforced, concrete buildings is their versatility. Domes can adapt to uses as varied as schools,… The monolithic dome construction process is fairly simple. It begins with a…Monolithic Dome Churches
Faith Chapel Christian Center in Birmingham, Alabama recently completed the largest monolithic dome church ever built. It has a diameter of 280 feet… Other large congregation that has chosen this construction method in the last…Sports Facilities
David B. South, who co-invented and patented the process for building these domes, was recently awarded a patent for the "Crenosphere"… Figure5.11 - A 400-foot (122-meter) diameter CrenosphereMonolithic Dome Houses
Homeowners' reasons for selecting this building technology are similar to those of commercial builders: energy-efficiency, safety, and durability. … A new type of structure, known as the Orion, combines the strength and…The EcoShell
This building technology may someday provide a solution to housing shortages in developing nations. The EcoShell is a concrete shell without insulation but durable and inexpensive to build. They may cost as little as $1,000.
Catalytic Software Inc. recently selected the EcoShell as the primary source of housing for a new company town in India. The 250-acre (one-square-kilometer) town, about 15 miles (25 kilometers) from Hyderabad, will feature more than 4,000 domed houses for employees. Plans also call for domed offices, shops, houses of worship, and entertainment facilities.
Text 5 Revolutionary Domes
There is nothing new about the dome shape or any question about its structural merits. Inuit igloos in the Arctic and felt-covered yurts on the… Indeed, there are several U.S. manufacturers of domed houses made from wood,…Manufacturing Domed Houses
Sunspace Rotating Homes, now based in both Vancouver and Montreal, produces nine models, ranging from 800 to 4,200 square feet (75 to 390 square … Each house is assembled on a 12-foot- (3.6-meter-) square foundation. This… On the foundation is installed a turntable-like structure and rings fitted with 1,600 stainless steel ball bearings…One Happy Dome-Buyer
A recent customer who was drawn to these characteristics is Joe Tufano, who lives about 60 miles (100 kilometers) west of Chicago on a five-acre (two-hectare), partly wooded site.
When he saw a Sunspace house nearing completion, he "fell in love with it." Tufano recalls: "The fact that it rotated was cool but it wasn't the first thing on my mind. I was more interested in the insulation properties, materials, and its construction." He bought the largest model, with four bedrooms, three full bathrooms and two half bathrooms, living room, dining room, and kitchen.
After living in the house for four seasons, Tufano reports that the house requires half the heating and air conditioning of a conventional house of the same size.
Adjusting to Spin
A Sunspace house can easily be rotated completely or partially in just three minutes, at the push of a button. It can also be programmed to seek or… Inhabitants can watch the sun rise and set out the same window, and they can… Tufano rotates his house for energy efficiency and "when I get tired of looking at the woods or the open space of…Text 6 High-Tech Windows Could Save Energy
Here to help cope with this complexity is the so-called "smart window," which can change its light and heat transmission… Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have been… These glazings are treated with a thin multilayer coating. When subjected to a low voltage, an electrochemical…LITERATURE
1. http://en.wiki pedia.org
2. http://www.newscientist.com./blog/technology
3. http://www.avweb.com./newswire
4. http://www.architectureweek.com
5. http://www.sciencedaily.com
C O N T E N T S
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