Gender Recognition Act 2004, section 2(1) - раздел Образование, MARRIAGE AND CIVIL PARTNERSHIP 1 ... The [Gender Recognition] Panel Must Grant The Application If Sa...
1 ... the [Gender Recognition] Panel must grant the application if satisfied that the applicant -
(a) has or has had gender dysphoria,
(b) has lived in the acquired gender throughout the period of two years ending with the date on which the application is made,
(c) intends to continue to live in the acquired gender until death, and
(d) complies with the requirements [for producing medical reports and other supporting evidence] imposed by and under section 3.
PROBLEM AREA
Married people who wish to change gender
The provisions in the Gender Recognition Act 2004 that deal with people who are married but wish to apply for a Gender Recognition Certificate is complex and often misunderstood. It is not possible for a married person to obtain a full Gender Recognition Certificate. The individual can only apply for an interim one. This will not alter the definition of his/her sex. When an Interim Gender Recognition Certificate is issued this allows either party to have the marriage annulled (section 12(g), Matrimonial Causes Act 1973). If the marriage is annulled, the Interim Gender Recognition Certificate becomes a full one and the individual is free to enter a marriage or civil partnership in accordance with her or his 'new sex'. If one spouse has an Interim Gender Recognition Certificate, the couple can remain married, but the 'new sex' will not be legally recognised, for fear that it would create a same-sex marriage.
Marrying for bad reasons
Reading:
R (on the application of the CPS) v. Registrar General [2003] QB1222
Concerning: whether the state could stop people marrying for improper purposes
Facts
A man was facing trial for murder. He and the woman who was to be the chief prosecution witness sought to marry. Under the law of evidence a wife cannot be compelled to give evidence against her husband (except in certain unusual circumstances). The Crown Prosecution Service sought an order that the Registrar General of Births, Marriages and Deaths should not issue a marriage certificate on the ground of public policy.
Legal principle
It was held that the Registrar General did not have the power to stop two people from marrying on the basis of public policy. The Human Rights Act 1998 protected the right to marry and that did not depend on a person having a good reason for marrying.
England and Wales... LECTURE... MARRIAGE AND CIVIL PARTNERSHIP Introduction...
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Gender Recognition Act 2004, section 2(1)
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Marriage. The right to marry
KEY DEFINITION
MARRIAGE is an agreement by which a man and a woman enter into certain legal relationship with each other and which creates and imposes mutual rights and
Civil Partnership
Reading:In Fitzpatrick v. Sterling Housing Association Ltd [1999] 2 FLR 1027, the question was whether Mr Fitzpatrick who had lived with his male partner in a stable
Answer guidelines
1. The differences are of no practical significance. For example, where there is adultery, the unreasonable behaviour fact can be relied upon.
2. The differences are symbolically impor
Grounds on which a Marriage may be Voidable
Section 12 MCA 1973 provides that a marriage is voidable where:
(a) the marriage has not been consummated owing to the incapacity of either party to consummate it;
(b)
PROBLEM AREA
Inability to consummate after marriage
A popular scenario in a problem question is where one of the parties to the marriage becomes physically unable to consummate the m
VOIDABLE MARRIAGE
-The marriage can only be set aside if there is a court order. Without a court order annulling the marriage, it is a valid one
- Only the parties to the marriage can
SEMINAR 1
REVISION CHECKLIST
What you need to know:
1. The grounds on which a marriage or civil pa
Property Rights of Married Couples
There isno concept of a presumption of joint ownership of property in English law. However, it is possible to acquire a right of ownership by claiming an interest under a
Cohabitation contracts
Reading:
Sutton v. Mischon de Reya [2004] 1 FLR 837
Concerning: enforceability of cohabitation contracts
Facts
Mr Sutton and Mr Sta
Resulting Trust
KEY DEFINITION
A resulting trust (on the basis of law, на основании закона)is presumed to arise when A contributes to the purchase price of a piece of property which is
Constructive Trust
KEY DEFINITION
In order to establish a constructive trust, it is necessary to show:
1. A common intention to share ownership. This is proved by evidence of an express
Proprietary Estoppel
KEY DEFINITION
For in X to be able to establish a proprietary estoppelit must be shown that:
- the owner of the property assured or promised X an interest in the prope
Answer guidelines
In this problem question you will need to start by ascertaining who has the legal title le property, that is, who the registered owner is. In this case, it is Alan. There is no express trust and so
Question 1
The marriage between Michael and Sarah has encountered difficulties, and the couple have decided to part amicably. They are both keen to go their separate ways with no financial responsibilities to
KEY DEFINITION
Separationrequires the parties to live in separate households. Normally this will be in separate houses, but it is possible for them to live separate lives under the same
Bars to divorce
1) Section 3(1), MCA states that it is not possible to petition for a divorce until you have been married for one year.
2) Section 5, MCA provides a bar but this can only
Effects of Divorce
- free to remarry
-financial provision and property adjustment
-an effect on a will (termination)
Recognition of a Foreign Divorce
Reading: The English courts have discretion to refuse recognition of a foreign divorce, whether or not it was obtained in proceedings. Thus, for example, the court may refuse to re
Question 1
Fred and Wilma married 10 years ago, and were initially very happy. However Fred started to go out with his friends every Saturday night, living Wilma at home with their daughter, Pebbles. Fred fre
KEY DEFINITION
Joint will. A single document executed by two or more persons as the will of all of them.
It is prohibited to left joint will in Ukraine.
Mutual
Question 1
Victoria and James met 15 years ago and began to cohabit. They have four children, aged 2, 4, 6 and 8. Shortly after they met, James bought a plot of land for £5,000 and registered the proper
PARENTS AND CHILDREN
1. Who are the parents of the child?
2. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990
3. Parental responsibility
1. Who are the parents of the child?
KEY DEFINITION
Under a surrogacy arrangement a couple ('the commissioning couple') ask a woman ('the surrogate mother') to carry a child for them. The agreement is that shortly after bir
Parental responsibility
Children Act 1989, section 3(1)
'In this Act "parental responsibility" means all the rights, duties, powers, responsibilities and authori
PROBLEM AREA
Section 2(7) of the Children Act 1989 appears to suggest that a parent with parental responsibility can act alone and need not consult with anyone else. However, the courts have not interpreted the
Answer guidelines
You will want to discuss the following issues:
- What is parental responsibility? It is far from clear what parental responsibility is and yet that is key if we are to decide who should ge
Question 1
Last year, Rose (a single woman) had a brief affair with Fred, a wealthy married man 20 years older than herself. After Rose had ended the relationship, she discovered that she was pregnant. Fred o
Suggested answer
Here we are asked to advise Rose, the mother of 6-month-old John, born as the result of a brief affair with Fred.
First, Rose’s mind can put at rest to some extend by telling her that as t
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