THE ARTICLE

The Indefinite Article A, an The Definite Article The
a table an apple the [ðə] table the [ði] apple
Îäèí Îäèí, ê³ëüêà, áàãàòî
1. ßêèéñü, áóäü-ÿêèé. 1. Öåé. Ñàìå öåé!
2. Çãàäàíèé âïåðøå. 2. Çãàäàíèé ïîâòîðíî.
3. Îäèí ç ðÿäó îäíîòèïíèõ. 3. ªäèíèé ó ñâîºìó ðîä³.
4. Îäèíè÷íèé ïðåäñòàâíèê ÷è åêçåìïëÿð ðîäó 4. Âåñü ð³ä ó ö³ëîìó ÷åðåç íàçâó îäíîãî ïðåäñòàâíèêà
  5. Ëþäèíà ÷è ïðåäìåò, ÿêèé ó äàí³é ôðàç³ ñóïðîâîäæóº áóäü-ÿêå îçíà÷åííÿ, ùî âèä³ëÿº éîãî ç ðÿäó îäíîòèïíèõ.
     

 

1. Here is a letter for you. 1. This is the letter you are expecting.
2. Suddenly I saw a strange man. 2. The man was looking around.
3. Cristopher Wren was a great English architect. 3. Taras Shevchenko was in his time the most distinguished poet in Ukraine.
4. I took a taxi. 4. The taxi is a car with a taxi-meter.

Íåîçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü à, an âæèâàºòüñÿ:

1. Ïåðåä ³ìåííèêàìè, ùî íå êîíêðåòèçóþòüñÿ í³ êîíòåêñòîì í³ ñèòóàö³ºþ.

I’ve got a son and a daughter.

2. Ïåðåä çë³÷óâàíèìè ³ìåííèêàìè ó çíà÷åíí³ “îäèí”.

Wait a minute!

How many times a months do you go to the theatre?

half an apple, half an hour etc.

3. Ïåðåä íàçâàìè ïðîôåñ³é, íàö³îíàëüíîñòåé, ïàðò³éíîñò³.

Mr.Smith, an engineer at our factory, made an invention.

4. Ïåðåä çë³÷óâàíèìè ³ìåííèêàìè â îäíèí³ ï³ñëÿ what â îêëè÷íîìó ðå÷åíí³ òà ïåðåä such, quite, rather, most (â çíà÷åíí³ “äóæå”).

What a wonderful day!

He is quite a young man.

It is a most interesting book.

5. Ïåðåä àáñòðàêòíèìè ³ìåííèêàìè ïðè íàÿâíîñò³ îçíà÷åííÿ.

They lived a quiet life.

 

Îçíà÷åíèé àðòèêëü the âæèâàºòüñÿ:

1. Äî 3 ïóíêòó òàáëèö³ – ïåðåä ³ìåííèêàìè ºäèíèìè ó ñâîºìó ðîä³, à òàêîæ çà äàíèõ îáñòàâèí:

the sun the sky the moon the capital the government the population the head the brain the heart the ceiling the floor the walls

2. Äî 5 ïóíêòó òàáëèö³ – ïðè íàÿâíîñò³ îáìåæóâàëüíîãî/óòî÷íþþ÷îãî îçíà÷åííÿ, ÿêèì ìîæå âèñòóïàòè

a) ïðèêìåòíèê ó íàéâèùîìó ñòóïåí³

July is the warmest month in the year.

b) ïîðÿäêîâèé ÷èñë³âíèê

We have seats in the second row.

c) ïðèéìåííèêîâà ãðóïà

The walls of my room are light green.

d) 䳺ïðèêìåòíèêîâèé çâîðîò

The boy running across the street is my brother.

e) îçíà÷àëüíå ï³äðÿäíå ðå÷åííÿ

The armchair I am sitting in is very comfortable.

3. Ïåðåä ³ìåííèêàìè, ùî îçíà÷àþòü ðå÷îâèíó ó ïåâí³é ê³ëüêîñò³ ÷è çà ïåâíèõ îáñòàâèí

Pass me the salt, please.

The snow is dirty.

4. Ç äåÿêèìè âëàñíèìè íàçâàìè:

1) ïîçíà÷àþ÷è âñþ ðîäèíó

I haven’t seen the Browns since last month.

2) ïåðåä íàçâàìè äåðæàâ, ùî âêëþ÷àþòü çàãàëüíó íàçâó ç îäíèì ÷è ê³ëüêîìà îçíà÷åííÿìè

The United States of America, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Âèêë.: the Netherlands, the Cameroon, the Senegal, the Hague

3) ïåðåä äåÿêèìè ãåîãðàô³÷íèìè íàçâàìè

· Îêåàí³â, ìîð³â, ð³ê, îçåð, âîäîéìèù, ïðîëèâ³â, çàëèâ³â, âîäîñïàä³â

The Black Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the English Channel, the Thames, the Ontario

But: Lake Ontario

· Ãðóï îñòðîâ³â

The British Isles, the Canaries, the Philippines

But: Cuba, Sicily, Cyprus

· óðñüêèõ ìàñèâ³â

The Urals, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps

But: Everest, Mont Blanc, Vesuvius

· Ïóñòåëü

The Sahara, the Gobi, the Kara-Kum

4) ïåðåä íàçâàìè òåàòð³â, ìóçå¿â, êàðòèííèõ ãàëåðåé, êîíöåðòíèõ çàë³â, ê³íîòåàòð³â, êëóá³â, ãîòåë³â

The Opera House, the British Museum, the Louvre, the Albert Hall, the Empire, the Rotary Club, the Hilton

5) ïåðåä íàçâàìè äåðæàâíèõ óñòàíîâ, îðãàí³çàö³é, ïîë³òè÷íèõ ïàðò³é

The National Trust, the London City Council, the Liberal Party

Âèêë.: Parliament (in GB), Congress (in the USA), NATO

6) ïåðåä íàçâàìè êîðàáë³â, ãàçåò, æóðíàë³â

The Titanic, the Times, the Lancet

7) ïåðåä íàçâàìè ãðàìàòè÷íèõ êàòåãîð³é

The Past Simple, the Passive Voice, the Conditional Mood

ÑÒÓÏÅͲ ÏÎвÂÍßÍÍß ÏÐÈÑ˲ÂÍÈʲ ÒÀ ÏÐÈÊÌÅÒÍÈʲÂ

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES

The positive degree – the comparative degree – the superlative degree

Synthetic forms 1.dark – darker – darkest hot – hotter – hottest 2.clever – cleverer – cleverest simple – simpler – simplest narrow – narrower – narrowest heavy – heavier – heaviest 3.po`lite – po`liter – po`litest 4.good – better – best well bad – worse – worst badly old – older – oldest elder – eldest far – farther – farthest further – furthest little – less – least many – more – most much Analytical forms 1.`famous – more/less `famous – most/least `famous 2.quietly – more/less quietly – most/least quietly But: early – earlier– earliest 3. difficult – more/less difficult – most/least difficult  

ÌÍÎÆÈÍÀ ²ÌÅÍÍÈʲÂ

THE PLURAL OF NOUNS

 

  1. a book + -s – books a table + -s – tables
  2. a book + -s – books a table + -s – tables
  3. a class + -es – classes a box + -es – boxes a dish + -es – dishes a match + -es – matches
  4. a family + -es – families a day + -s – days
  5. a tomato + -es – tomatoes But: photos, pianos, kilos, kimonos, solos, sopranos, dinamos
  6. a wife + -s – wives a shelf + -es – shelves But: chiefs, handkerchiefs, roofs, proofs, safes
  7. a man – men a woman – women a foot – feet a tooth – teeth a goose – geese a mouse – mice a louse – lice a child – children an ox – oxen a person – people
  8. a datum – data a phenomenon – phenomena a basis – bases a nucleus – nuclei a formula – formulae
  9. a boy-friend – boy-friends a man-of-war – men-of-war a son-in-law – sons-in-law a passer-by – passers-by a forget-me-not – forget-me-nots
  sheep, deer, fish, swine, fruit, hair
  news, wages, contents; billiards, dominoes, darts etc.
  pants, pyjamas, trousers, glasses, spectacles, scissors etc.
  clothes, goods, stairs, savings, arms, surroundings etc.

×ÈÑ˲ÂÍÈÊ