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Âñå òåìû äàííîãî ðàçäåëà:

Îқó құðàëûíûң құðûëûìû
Îқó құðàëûíûң әðá³ð òåîðèÿëûқ áөë³ì³íåí êåé³í ñòóäåíòòåðä³ң өç áåò³íøå ïðàêòèêàëûқ æұìûñòàðäà îðûíäàéòûí ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ýêñïåðèì

Ýêîëîãèÿ ïәí³ æәíå àíûқòàìàëàðû
Ýêîëîãèÿ - ò³ð³ îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң á³ð-á³ð³ìåí æәíå өç³í қîðøàғàí îðòàìåí áàéëàíûñûí çåðòòåéò³í ғûëûì. Áұë áàéëàíûñòàð Æåð áåò³í

Ûëûìíûң қûñқàøà äàìó òàðèõû
Àäàìçàò өç³í³ң äàìóûíûң àëғàøқû қàäàìäàðûíàí áàñòàï òàáèғàòïåí áàéëàíûñòû. Îë áàðëûқ óàқûòòà өñ³ìä³êòåð ìåí æàíóàðëàð әëåì³íå òû

Ýêîëîãèÿíûң íåã³çã³ áàғûòòàðû
Қàç³ðã³ óàқûòòà ýêîëîãèÿ ғûëûìûíûң êөïòåãåí áàғûòòàðû áàð: 1. Êëàññèêàëûқ ýêîëîãèÿ - áèîëîãèÿëûқ æүéåëåðä³ң қîð

Àóòýêîëîãèÿ
Àóòýêîëîãèÿ(ãðåêøå autos- өç³)қîðøàғàí îðòàäà îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң ò³ðø³ë³ê øåã³í àíûқòàéäû æәíå әðá³ð îðãàíèçìí³ң қîðøàғàí îðòà æàu

Îðãàíèçì êөáåþ³í³ң ïîòåíöèàëüäû ìүìê³íø³ë³ã³
Á³çä³ қîðøàғàí ò³ð³ әëåì àëóàí òүðë³ îðãàíèçìäåðäåí òұðàäû. Қàíäàé îðãàíèçì áîëìàñûí, åðòå ìå, êåø ïå өç ò³ðø³ë³ã³í æîÿäû. Àë Æåð áåò³íäå ғàëûìäàðäû&

Ñóðåò. Øåêñ³ç êөáåþ êåç³íäåã³ èíôóçîðèÿíûң ñàíûíûң өñó³
Îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң үëêåí ò³ð³ ìàññàñû -ïëàíåòàäàғû çàò àéíàëûìäû қîëäàï,òîïûðàқ, òàó æûíûñòàðûí құðàéäû, ñó æәíå àòìîñôåðà құðûëûìûí ðåòòåéä³

Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàð. Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð åòó çàңäûëûқòàðû
Өç³í³ң ò³ðø³ë³ê åòó îðòàñûíäà êåç êåëãåí îðãàíèçì ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàð äåï àòàëàòûí ñûðòқû îðòà êîìïîíåíòòåð³í³ң әñåð³íå ұøûðàéäû. Æàðûқ, æûë

Ñóðåò. Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³ íәòèæåñ³í³ң îíûң қàðқûíäûëûғû ìåí áàéëàíûñû
Îëàðäûң ³ø³íäåã³ åң íåã³çã³ñ³- қîëàéëûëûқ íåìåñå îïòèìóì çàңû.Ôàêòîðëàðäûң áåëã³ë³ á³ð ìәíäåð³íäå îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң ò³ðø³ë³ê åòó³ w

ÏÐÀÊÒÈÊÀËÛҚ ÆҰÌÛÑ
Òàқûðûáû:Ò³ðø³ë³ê æàғäàéëàðûíûң өñ³ìä³ê құðûëûñûíà әñåð³ Ìàқñàòû:өñ³ìä³ê құðûëûñûíà ò³ðø

ÒÀÏÑÛÐÌÀËÀÐ
1. Áàêòåðèÿëàð өòå òåç êөáåéåä³. Әðá³ð æàðòû ñàғàòòà 1 êëåòêàäàí áөë³íó æîëûìåí 2 êëåòêà ïàéäà áîëàäû. Åãåð 1 êëåòêàíû қàëûïòû æàғäàéäà қîðåêò³ê îðòà

ÎÑÛÌØÀ ÕÀÁÀÐËÀÐ ÌÅÍ ÌÛÑÀËÄÀÐ
1. Ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³ ò³êåëåé äå, æàíàìà æîëìåí äå, ÿғíè àðàëûқ áóûíäàð àðқûëû äà áåð³ëó³ ìүìê³í. Ìұíûң ìûñàëäàðûí құ

Ñóðåò. Òåðìîãðàäèåíòîðäàғû áóíàқäåíåë³ëåðä³ң òàðàëóû
  3. Қîðøàғàí îðòà òåìïåðàòóðàñûíûң өçãåðó³íå êåðåìåò òөç³ìä³ë³êò³ң үëã³ñ³í òåң³ç æàңғàқòàðû - áàëÿíóñòàðäàí ê

ÒÅÑÒ ÑҰÐÀҚÒÀÐÛ
1. Ýêîëîãèÿ ғûëûìû - à/ òåê ғàíà қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң ëàñòàíóûí á/ òåê ғàíà àäàì äåíñàóëûғûíà ëàñòàíóäûң әñåð³í â/ òåê &

Àáèîòèêàëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäûң ò³ð³ îðãàíèçìäåðãå әñåð³
Àáèîòèêàëûқ ôàêòîð- áұë өë³ òàáèғàò ôàêòîðëàðû. Îëàð: êëèìàòòûқ (æàðûқ, òåìïåðàòóðà, àóà ûëғàëäûëûғû, æåë, қàð), ýäàôè

Ñóðåò. Øûðøàíûң өñó æàғäàéûíà æàðûқòûң әñåð³
  Æàíóàðëàð өçäåð³í³ң êөðó ìүøåëåð³ àðқûëû ñûðòқû îðòàäà өç³í³ң æàóëàðûíàí қîðғàíàäû, қîðåêò³ê òàìàғûí ³çäåï òà

ѳìä³êòåð æәíå æàíóàðëàð îðãàíèçì³íäåã³ ñó ìөëøåð³
өñ³ìä³êòåð ñó ìөëøåð³ % æàíóàðëàð ñó ìөëøåð³ % áàëäûð 96-98 ³øåê

Òåìïåðàòóðà
Æûëóäûң ò³ð³ îðãàíèçìäåð үø³í ìàңûçû өòå çîð. Ñåáåá³ ñîë îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң äåíåñ³í³ң æûëóû өç³ қîðøàғàí îðòàíûң òåìïåðàòóðàñûí áàéëàíûñòû.

Òàқûðûáû: Æàðûқòûң өñ³ìä³ê äàìóûíà әñåð³
Ìàқñàòû:өñ³ìä³ê ò³ðø³ë³ã³íå æàðûқòûң әñåð³í áàқûëàó. Құðàë-æàáäûқòàð:áèäàé, àðïà, ñұëû òұ

Òàқûðûáû: Àáèîòèêàëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäûң îðãàíèçìäåðãå әñåð³
Ìàқñàòû:ò³ð³ îðãàíèçìäåðãåàáèîòèêàëûқ ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³í áàқûëàó. Құðàë-æàáäûқòàð:қàëåìøåëåð, ñûç&#

Òàқûðûáû: Өñ³ìä³êòåðãå ûëғàëäûëûқòûң әñåð³
Ìàқñàòû:ûëғàëäûëûқòûң àñòûқ òұқûìäàñ өñ³ìä³ê өê³ëäåð³í³ң ìîðôîëîãèÿñûíà әñåð³í áàқûëàó.

ÒÀÏÑÛÐÌÀËÀÐ
1. Æàðғàíàòòòàðғà æàðûқ әñåð åòïåéä³, êåéäå æàðûқ æåðäåðäå, àøûқ âåðàíäàëàðäà, àäàì æүðãåí æәíå æàðûқ æàíûï òұðғàí æåðëåðäå ұ

ÎÑÛÌØÀ ÕÀÁÀÐËÀÐ ÌÅÍ ÌÛÑÀËÄÀÐ
1. Өñ³ìä³ê òұқûìäàðûíûң ò³ðø³ë³ã³í³ң ұçàқòûғû îíû ñàқòàó æàғäàéëàðûíà áàéëàíûñòû. Òåìïåðàòóðà ìåí ûëғàëäûëûқòûң æî&#

ÒÅÑÒ ÑҰÐÀҚÒÀÐÛ
1. Òåìïåðàòóðà, æàðûқ, ûëғàëäûëûқ қàíäàé ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ôàêòîðғà æàòàäû? à/ àáèîòèêàëûқ á/ áèîòèêàëûқ â/ àíòðîïîãåíä³

Îðãàíèçìí³ң îðòàғà áåé³ìäåëó³í³ң íåã³çã³ æîëäàðû
Êөïòåãåí îðãàíèçìäåð ò³ðø³ë³ã³í³ң êåéá³ð êåçåңäåð³íäå îïòèìóìäàðäàí àëûñòàòàòûí òүðë³ ôàêòîðëàðäûң әñåð³íå ұøûðàéäû. Îëàðғà өòå ûñòûқ

Òàқûðûáû: Îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң îðòàғà áåé³ìäåëó³í³ң íåã³çã³ æîëäàðû
Ìàқñàòû:îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң îðòà æàғäàéëàðûíà әð òүðä³ң өç³íøå áåé³ìäåëåò³í³í: қîñûìøà ýíåðãèÿíû æұìñàó àðқûëû ñàқòàéòû

ÒÀÏÑÛÐÌÀËÀÐ
1. Áèîëîãèÿëûқ òұðғûäàí, àäàìäà òîëûқ àíàáèîç áîëóû ìүìê³í áå? 2. Àñòûқòû ñàқòàóäûң òè³ìä³ ðåæèì³ ñàқòàëғàí àñòûқ қî

Îðòàíûң қîëàéñûç æàғäàéëàðûíà îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң íåã³çã³ áåé³ìäåëó òәñ³ëäåð³
òәñ³ëäåð àðòûқøûëûғû êåìø³ë³ã³ áàғûíó    

Îñûìøà õàáàðëàð ìåí ìûñàëäàð
1. Îңòүñò³ê Àíòàðêòèäà îðûñ çåðòòåóø³ëåð³ ìұçäûң òåðåң³íåí àëûíғàí ìұç үëã³ñ³íå ìèêðîáèîëîãèÿëûқ àíàëèç æүðã³çä³. Çåðòòåóä³ң í&#

ÒÅÑÒ ÑҰÐÀҚÒÀÐÛ
1. Àíàáèîç äåãåí³ì³ç – à/ ñûðòқû ò³ò³ðêåíóëåðãå æàóàï áåðìåéò³í қèìûëñûç ұéқû á/ îðãàíèçìí³ң ò³ðø³ë³ã³í³ң òөìåíäåó³, қûñқû &#

Ñó - ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
Ò³ðø³ë³ê ³ñ-әðåêåòòåð³í³ң әðòүðë³ë³ã³íå қàðàìàñòàí áàðëûқ ñó ìåêåíäåóø³ëåð³ өç îðòàñûíûң íåã³çã³ åðåêøåë³êòåð³íå áåé³ìäåëó³ òè³ñ. Áұë åðåêøåë³ê

Ñóðåò. Ñó- ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
  Ñóäûң òûғûçäûғû ñóäà òåç қîçғàëóғà êåäåðã³ æàñàéäû, ñîíäûқòàí òåç æүçåò³í áàëûқòàð, äåëüôèíäåð, êàëüìàðëàð ñèÿқòû æàíóàðë

Æåð – àóà ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
Áұë îðòàíûң өç³íå òәí åðåêøåë³êòåð³ áàð. Ìұíäà îòòåã³ ìåí æàðûқ ìөëøåð³ êөï ìөëøåðäå, êåң³ñò³êòåðäå òåìïåðàòóðàíûң өçãåð³ñ³ ê

Òîïûðàқ-ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
Òîïûðàқ- ò³ð³ îðãàíèçìäåðä³ң ³ñ-әðåêåò³í³ң íәòèæåñ³íäå òүç³ëåò³í құðëûқ áåò³í³ң өòå æұқà қàáàòû. Òîïûðàқòû&

Ñóðåò. Òîïûðàқ ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
  Òîïûðàқ ìåêåíäåóø³ëåð³ қîçғàëó äәðåæåñ³ ìåí êөëåì³íå қàðàé äà үø òîïқà áөë³íåä³. Ìèêðîáèîòà-қîð

Ò³ð³ îðãàíèçìäåð äåíåñ³ — ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
Ïàðàçèòèçì- òàáèғàòòà êåң òàðàëғàí құáûëûñ. Ïàðàçèòòåðä³ң қîæàéûííûң äåíåñ³íå åíó³ äå, îíûң êëåòêàëàðû ìåí ұëïàëàðûíûң ³ø³íå åíó³ ä

Ñóðåò. Ò³ð³ îðãàíèçì äåíåñ³ — ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
  Қîðåêò³ң өòå êөïò³ã³íåí қàìòàìàñûç åò³ëåò³í æîғàðû өí³ìä³ë³ê- îñû өë³ì àðқûëû ðåòòåëåä³. Ñîíäûқòàí ïàðàçèòòåðãå «

Òàқûðûáû: Òîïûðàқ-îìûðòқàñûç æàíóàðëàðäûң ò³ðø³ë³ê îðòàñû
Ìàқñàòû:әðòүðë³ òîïûðàқ òèïòåð³í³ң ñûíàìàñûíäàғû îìûðòқàñûç æàíóàðëàðäûң òүðë³ê құðàìûí æәíå ñàíûí àíûқ

Òàқûðûáû: Àýðîáòû æàғäàéäà ýíäîïàðàçèòòåðä³ң өë³ì³
Ìàқñàòû:àíàýðîáòû ïàðàçèò - ãðåãàðèíäåðä³ң ò³ðø³ë³ã³í áàқûëàó. Қàæåòò³ құðàë-æàáäûқòàð:òàðàқàí, ìèêðîñêîï,

Òàқûðûáû: Òîïûðàқ òүçó ïðîöåñ³íäåã³ құðòòàðäûң ðîë³
Ìàқñàòû:æàóûí құðòûíûң òîïûðàқ òүçó ïðîöåñ³íäåã³ ³ñ әðåêåò³í áàқûëàó. Қàæåòò³ құðàë-æàáäûқò

ÎÑÛÌØÀ ÕÀÁÀÐËÀÐ ÌÅÍ ÌÛÑÀËÄÀÐ
1. Òîïûðàқ îðãàíèçìäåð³í³ң ³ñ -әðåêåò³ íәòèæåñ³íäå øөïòåð ìåí æàïûðàқòàð ғàíà åìåñ, ò³ïò³ àëûï àғàøòàð äà òåç æîéûëàäû. ²ç òүññ³ç 500 æûëäû&

Ñóðåò. 11 àïòàäàí êåé³íã³ ñàëìàқòûң àðòóû
Åң òàçà ñó êөç³- æàңáûð ñóûíäà өñ³ð³ëãåí өñ³ìä³ê өç³í³ң ñàëìàғûíûң æàðòûñûí, àë ëàé ñóäà өñ³ð³ëãåí өñ³ìä³ê- өç³í³ң

ÒÅÑÒ ÑҰÐÀҚÒÀÐÛ
1. Òîïûðàқòà өòåò³í өñ³ìä³êòåð үø³í ïàéäàñûç ïðîöåññ – à/ àóàäàí àçîòòûң ôèêñàöèÿëàíóû á/ àììîíèé қîñûëûñòàðûíûң òîòûғóû â

Ïîïóëÿöèÿ òүñ³í³ã³
Ýêîëîãèÿäà ïîïóëÿöèÿ äåï- үëêåí àéìàқòà ò³ðø³ë³ê åòåò³í æәíå өçàðà áàéëàíûñòà áîëàòûí á³ð òүðä³ң îñîáüòàðûíûң (äàðàëàðûíûң) òîáûí àéòàäû. Ïîïóëÿöèÿ ñ

Ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң íåã³çã³ ñèïàòòàìàëàðû
Òîïòûқ åðåêøåë³ê- áұë ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң íåã³çã³ ñèïàòòàìàñû. Îëàðғà: îñîáüòàðäûң êåң³ñò³êòå òàðàëóû, ïîïóëÿöèÿ ñàíû, ïîïóëÿöèÿ òûғûçäûғû, òóûëûì, &

Ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң êåң³ñò³êò³ê òàðàëóû
Ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң ò³ðø³ë³ê åòåò³í êåң³ñò³ã³ îíûң ò³ðø³ë³ã³íå қàæåòò³ æàғäàéäû áåðåä³. Ïîïóëÿöèÿíû құðàéòûí îñîáüòàðäûң қîëàéëû æәíå қîëà

À- á³ðêåëê³, á-êåçäåéñîқ, â-òîïòûқ.
  Áàðëûқ қîçғàëғûø æàíóàðëàð êåң³ñò³êò³ ïàéäàëàíóûíà áàéëàíûñòû: îòûðûңқû æәíå êөøïåë³ áîëûï åê³ òîïқà áөë³íåä³.

Ïîïóëÿöèÿ òûғûçäûғû
Ïîïóëÿöèÿ òûғûçäûғû îíû ìåêåíäåéò³í îñîáüòàðäûң àóäàí íåìåñå êөëåì á³ðë³ã³íäåã³ ñàíûìåí àíûқòàëàäû. Ìûñàëû 1 ãà æåðäå 150 қàéûң íåìåñå 1 ì ñóäàғû 0,5

Ïîïóëÿöèÿíûң өñó³
Ïîïóëÿöèÿ өñ³ì³ îң æәíå òåð³ñ áîëóû ìүìê³í. Àäàìäàðäûң òàáèғè өñ³ì³ Ðåñåéäå 1990 æ +2,2 (òóûëûì 13,4; өë³ì – æ³ò³ì -11,2). 1991æ + - 0,7

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Ýêîæүéåí³ң өç³íä³ê äàìóû. Îíûң òұðàқòûëûқ ìәñåëåëåð³.
Òàáèғàòòà òұðàқòû ýêîæүéåëåðìåí қàòàð, æàñàíäû ýêîæүéåëåð äå áîëàäû. Åìåíä³ îðìàí, æóñàíäû äàëà, øûðøàëû қîңûð қûëқàíäû òàéãà-áұëàð

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Òàқûðûáû: ϳøåí òұíäûðìàñûíäàғû қàðàïàéûìäàðäàí ñóêöåññèÿ өçãåð³ñ³í áàқûëàó
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19 ғàñûðäûң áàñ êåç³íäå «áèîñôåðà» òүñ³í³ã³í ғûëûìғà ұëû ôðàíöóç òàáèғàò çåðòòåóø³ñ³ Æ.Á.Ëàìàðê (1744-1829) åíã³çãåí. Æүç æûëäàí àñòàì óàқûò á&

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1926 æûëû Â.È. Âåðíàäñêèé àëғàø ðåò áèîñôåðàíûң øåêàðàëàðû òóðàëû ìәñåëåí³ қàðàñòûðäû. Ò³ðø³ë³êò³ң æүðó³íå ôèçèêà-õèìèÿëûқ æàғäàéëàðäûң

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Қàç³ðã³ ғûëûìíûң êөçқàðàñû áîéûíøà, ò³ð³ çàòòàðғà êåéá³ð àðíàóëû қàñèåòòåð òәí æәíå îëàð áèîñôåðàäà áåëã³ë³ áèîãåîõèìèÿëûқ ôóíêöèÿëàðäû î

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Қàç³ð êүíäåë³êò³ өì³ðäå á³ç «ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîáëìåëàð» æәíå «ýêîëîãèÿëûқ äàғäàðûñ» òåðìèíäåð³í æè³ қîëäàíàìûç. Áұëàðäûң ìәí³ íåäå?

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Áèîëîãèÿëûқ êөïòүðë³ë³êò³ 3 êàòåãîðèÿғà áөëóãå áîëàäû. Ãåíåòèêàëûқ êөïòүðë³ë³ê- á³ð òүðä³ң ³ø³íäåã³ ãåíäåðä³

Ñóðåò. Áèîëîãèÿëûқ êөïòүðë³ë³êò³ ñàқòàó
  Áèîëîãèÿëûқ òүð ðåò³íäåã³ àäàì áàñқà òүðëåðãå òàìàқ, äәð³, өíåðêәñ³ï өí³ìäåð³, ñîë ñèÿқòû ñó қîéìàëàðûíûң

Áàðëûғû áàðëûғûìåí áàéëàíûñòû
Áұë çàңíûң íåã³ç³íäå ò³ð³ òàáèғàòòàғû æàëïû áàéëàíûñòàð ïðèíöèï³ æàòûð. Àòàëғàí ïðèíöèï áîéûíøà òàáèғàòòàғû êүðäåë³ òðîôòûқ íåìåñå áàñ

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1. Äàëàëûқ åã³ñòå àñòûқ òұқûìäàñòàðäûң өñê³í³íå êүøò³ çèÿí әêåëåò³í қîңûçäàðäûң òîïûðàқòàғû äåðíәñ³ëäåð³ìåí ê&

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ÎÐØÀҒÀÍ ÎÐÒÀҒÀ ÆӘÍÅ ÄÀÌÓҒÀ ҚÀÒÛÑÒÛ ÐÈÎ-ÄÅ –ÆÀÍÅÉÐÎ ÄÅÊËÀÐÀÖÈßÑÛ
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Àéíàëàäàғû îðòàíûң (áèîñôåðàíûң) òàáèғè åðåêøåë³êòåð³ æөí³íåí Ðåñïóáëèêà àóìàғûíûң æàðòûñûíàí àñòàìû øөë æәíå øөëåéò àéìàқòàðғ

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Қàçàқñòàí ãåîãðàôèÿëûқ òұðғûäàí Åâðàçèÿ àëûï құðëûғûíûң ê³íä³ã³íäå îðíàëàñқàí. Åë³ì³çä³ң Æåð áèîñôåðàñû æүéåñ³í³ң àó

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Ðåñïóáëèêàíûң äàìó ñòðàòåãèÿñûí òàëäàï æàñàғàí êåçäå қîðғàó òàëàïòàðû ìåí ì³íäåòòåð³í ýêîíîìèêàëûқ ñàÿñàòқà èíòåãðàöèÿëà óүø³í ұëòòûқ ýêîíîìèêà

Æåêåøåëåíä³ðóä³ң ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ïðîáëåìàëàðû
Æåêåøåëåíä³ðó ïðîöåñ³ øàðóàøûëûқ æүðã³çóø³ ñóáüåêò³ëåðä³ң æәíå ò³ïò³ ýêîíîìèêàíûң òұòàñ ñåêòîðëàðûíûң ýêîëîãèÿëûқ ñèïàòòàìàëàðûí æàқñàðòó w

Àðæû-ýêîíîìèêàëûқ ñàÿñàò
Òàáèғàò ïàéäàëàíóøûëàðäû òàáèғàò қîðғàó ³ñ-øàðàëàðûí æүðã³çóãå, êүëë³ òàáèғè -ðåñóðñòûқ әëåóåòò³ òè³ìä³ ïàéäàëàíóғà ûíòàëàíäûðó;

Äåáèåòòåð
  1. Áèãîí Ì., è äð. Ýêîëîãèÿ. Îñîáè, ïîïóëÿöèè è ñîîáùåñòâà: Â äâóõ òîìàõ. – Ì.: Ìèð, 1989 2. Áóäûêî Ì.È. Ãëîáàëüíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ. – Ì.: Ïðîãðåññ, 1963 3. Áðîäñêèé À.Ê.

Ìàçìұíû
    ʳð³ñïå..........................................................................................................3 Îқó құðàëûíûң