S — f/, /z — v/.
3. Define the consonant phonemes /9, Ý/.
*4. Read these words, spell them and translate them into Russian.
0m —sin 9ik —tik hi:0 —hi:t mAn8s
9ik — sik 6o:t — to:t Üýèî —baut Öi eitQ zäun
9o:t —so:t 9ri: —tri: fo:9 —fo:t wiä_stjend
fo:9 —b:s si:6 —si:z klauB—kbuz kteuöz
mau8—maus leiö—leiz bri:B—bri:z siks0
áëò —sAm 6en —den îåý —des iz 6m
wa:9 —W3:s áýè —dau Uda —'Ada its 6is
si:6 —si:d iwa:5i—iw3:di huz 6set
*5. Transcribe these words and read them.
found—thousand fought—thought F i nns—th ings first —thirst free —three deaf —depth
6. State the articulatory differences between /6 — s/, /9 — t/, /9— f/, /9 — z/,
Id — v/, /d-d/, /ö — 1/.
7. Prove by minimal pairs that /0 — s/, /8 — t/, /6 — z/, /d — d/ are dif-
.. fcrent phonemes.
8/ Define the consonant phoneme /h/.
9. State articulatory differences between the English /h/ and the Russian /x/.
10. Read these words. Mind the pronunciation of /h/ as a pure sound of breath,
help, hall, house, here, hand, harm, heard, hold, head, hear, hot, hills, high, whole, he, his, has, him, 'hardship, 'holiday, 'horror, ho'tel, ihuman, 'happy, behind, ihither'to, 'heather, 'handsome, 'hardly, 'horses, 'Henry, 'Holland, 'Hubert, iHelen *U. Transcribe toesej words. Translate them into Russian and read them.
all—hall ought—hot it —hit and —hand
ear—hear is —his ill —hill arm —harm
out—house oust —house as —has adds—hands
art—heart add—had air —hair
12.' Define the^consonant phonemes /J1, 3/.
13. Describe the bi central position of the tongue in the production of the noise /J, 3/ sounds.
*14. Read these words. Spell them and translate them orally into Russian.
Ji:p Jip ;ed Jeiv Jeip Ji:t Aid Jel J"eid .fai fun Juk Jetk Jeim Jam
iilek.Cn (bmpa'tijan 1ð1åçý 'vi3n
ksnidi^n p:g8nai'zei,r9n '1åçý g'keign
ideh'geijn 'steijn di's^n 'òåçý
*15. Transcribe these words and read them.
she, sheep, shut, fish, brush, Irish, fishing, special, station, usual, usually, pleasure, shop, sugar, should, flash, British, English, anxious, anxiously, especially, Angelo, occasion, occasional
*16. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the /s, z, f, v, 8, 9, h, J1, 3A relation to orthography,
pass, certainly, cynic, scythe, Leicester, isle, houses, husband, dessert, hussar, physics, sapphire, enough, draught, lieutenant, neph-•ew, Matthew, Galsworthy, exhaust, vehicle, shepherd, sugar, assure, version, notion, social, conscience, chivalry, chaise, regime, pleasure, decision, azure
Constrictive Sonorants (Approximants) /r, j, 1, w/
In the articulation of these consonant phonemes voice prevails over noise, therefore all of them are sonorants. They fall into three groups: median /w, r/, lateral /1/, and palatal /j/.
/r/
I. sonorant;
II. lingual, forelingual, cacuminal, post-alveolar;
III. constrictive, median, unicentral;
IV. oral.
|
The tip of the tongue is curled behind the back slope of the teethridge. This position of the tip of the tongue is called post-alveolar, or cacuminal. If it is curled still further — retroflexed position. The air passes out of the mouth cavity through the median line: along the lowered front and the bunched-up back of the tongue, then through the narrowing formed by the tip and the r back slope of the teethridge. This passage is rather wide, so voice prevails over noise and the sound produced is a sonor ant. The main body of the tongue has lateral bunching: the sides of the tongue are in close contact with the back teeth and the palate. (In the/r/ production the tip and the blade oi the tongue are not so tense as in the articulation of the Russian/æ/ apical.)
The similar Russian sound /p/ (apical sonorant) is characterized by a different manner of the production of noise: the tip of the tongue vibrates in the flow of air and interrupts it repeatedly forming momentary obstructions against the teethridge. The Russian sound /p/ is rolled, or trilled.
To pronounce /r/ in the proper way care should be taken to hold the tip of the tongue placed in post-alveolar position while breathing the air out of the mouth cavity.
Combinations /r + ai/ are most simple, they should be practised and learnt first: right /rait/, bright /brait/, try /trai/, dry /drai/, grind /gramd/; only after that, other combinations are to be practised.
Graphic Equivalents of the /1/ Phoneme
/r/ is pronounced when spelt:
ã red /red/—êðàñíûé
rr merry /'men/—âåñåëûé
wr write /rait/—ïèñàòü rh rhythm /ïÇò/—ðèòì
/r/ is not pronounced at the end of the word and before a vowel:
star /sta/—çâåçäà, first /fe:st/—ïåðâûé, door /do:/—äâåðü, farm /fa:m/—ôåðìà
/r/ is pronounced at the end of the word if it is followed by another word with an initial vowel:
before I go /biifo:r__,ai 1äýè/—ïðåæäå ÷åì óéòè
By analogy this "linking" /r/ intrudes sometimes into the pronunciation of such combinations as:
drama and music, India and Pakistan, law and order, area of agreement
The intrusive /r/ should be avoided.
In the American pronunciation It! is retroflexed, the tip of the tongue is curled further back behind the back slope of the teethridge and the vowels which precede /r/ acquire the It/ colouring. The retroflexed allophone of the /r/ phoneme has the symbol Ö1< It is pronounced with noticeable lip-rounding and protrusion.
bird /ba:d/ /b3;jd/ firm Äç:ò/ /fs-.jm/ Lord /b:d/ /lo:jd/
/J/
I. spnorant;
II. lingual: medi î-lingual, palatal;
III. constrictive, median, unicentral;
IV. oral.
|
A. C. Gimson calls it a "semi-vowel" because it is pronounced as "a rapid vocalic glide on to a syllabic sound of a greater steady duration." ã The tongue immediately glides from the position for /jV to that of the following vowel, this second element of the glide is more prominent than the first, e.g. /jes/.
In the articulation of /j/ the front part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate but not so high as to produce much friction. The tip of the tongue is lowered. The air passes out of the mouth cavity along the central, median part of the tongue, the sides of the tongue are raised.
Care should be taken to avoid much noise and not to make the tongue tense when /j7 is articulated, especially in initial position:
yes, yield, yard, you, youth, yawn, yellow
1 Gimson A. C. Op. cit,— P. 207.
'"The Russian Ø is pronounced with more friction, which is the result of the higher position of the front part of the tongue to the hard palate.
Graphic Equivalents of the ([ Phoneme
/j/ is pronounced when spelt:
ó yes /jes/—äà, yield /ji:Id/—óñòóïàòü, yeast /ji:st/~äðîææè i opinion /a'pmjsn/—'Ìíåíèå, onion /'ëùýï/—ëóê, familiar Äý'ïí-
lja/—çíàêîìûé u in initial position:
union /'ju:nj3n/—ñîþç, unite /ju:'nait/—îáúåäèíÿòüñÿ, use /]u:s/—ïîëüçà, usual /1]'è:çèý1/—îáû÷íûé in medial position:
duty /'dju:ti/—äîëã, mute /mju:t/—íåìîé eu in initial position:
euphony /i ju:fsni/—áëàãîçâó÷èå in. medial position:
neuter /!nju:t3/—ñðåäíèé, feud /fju:d/—âðàæäà ue rescue /'reskju:/—ñïàñåíèå, due /dju:/—äîëæíûé ewe ewe /ju:/—îâöà, ewer /!ju:9/—êóâøèí eur Europe /iju:9rap/—Åâðîïà
eau beauty /'bju:ti/—êðàñîòà, beautician /bjui'tij'sn/—êîñìåòè÷êà ew, iew in medial and final positions:
few /fju:/—íåìíîãî, new /nju:/—íîâûé, dew /dju:/—ðîñà, news /nju:z/—íîâîñòè, sewage /'sju:i<33/—ñòî÷íûå âîäû, view /vju:/—âèä
/w/
I. sonorant.1 Like /j/, /w/ is pronounced with a glide onto another
vowel of greater prominence;
II. labial, bilabial, the tongue begins to move from an /u/-like
vowel with strongly rounded lips;
|
III. constructive, bicentral, velar, median
with a round narrowing;
IV. oral.
This sound is bicentral. The first, or primary, focus is formed by the lips which are protruded and rounded. The second, or back secondary focus is formed by the back part of the tongue which is raised to the soft palate (velum). The flow of air passes out of the mouth cavity without any audible friction along the median line of the tongue, its sides being raised, and through the round narrowing formed by the protruded lips, which instantaneously part, The vocal cords vibrate.
There is no similar sound in the system of Russian consonants.
1 A. C. Gimson terms it a "semi-vowel" as well as /j/.
There is"Vdanger of confusing /w/ with /v/. This mistake is phonemic, because bilabial vs. Iabio-dental articulatory features in these two phonemes serve to differentiate the meaning of the words, e.g.
whale êèò—veil âóàëü west çàïàä—vest íèæíÿÿ ñî«
ðî÷êà; âñòàâêà
wine âèíî—vine âèíîãðàäíàÿ worse õóæå—verse ñòèõ ëîçà
Graphic Equivalents of the /w/ Phoneme
/w/ is pronounced when spelt:
w sweet /swi:t/—ñëàäêèé
wh why /wai/—ïî÷åìó, what /wiat/—÷òî, which /ut|Y—êàêîé
qu quite /kwait/—ñîâñåì, square /skwes/—ïëîùàäü
su persuade /ps'sweid/—óáåæäàòü
And also in the words:
one /wah/—îäèí, once /WAns/—îäíàæäû, choir /kwaia/—õîð
/w/ is not pronounced:
(1) when followed by r:
write /rait/—ïèñàòü, wrong /rug/—çëî; íåâåðíî
(2) in the words:
who /hu:/—êòî, whose /hu:z/—÷åé, ÷üå, whom /hu:m/—êîãî, whole /haul/—öåëîå, towards /to:dz, ta'woidz/—ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê, two /tu:/—äâà, twopence /iUp(3)ns/—äâà ïåíñà, answer /lanss/ — îòâåò, sword /so:d/—ìå÷:
(3) in the geographical names ending in -wich, -wick:
Greenwich /'grmicfe/—Ãðèíâè÷, Chiswick /itfizik/—×èçèê