Articulation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Labial		Lingual			Glottal
Bila­bial	Labio­dental		Foreiingual	Medio-lingual	Back-lingual
inter­dental	alveo­lar	post-alve­olar	palato-al­veolar
palatal	velar
P,b m w	f.v	e s, z n	t.d	r	/.3	J0	k,g	h

Mediolingual consonants are produced with the front part of the tongue. They are always palatal.

Palatal consonants or palatals are made with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate: the English fjj; the Russian [jj.

Backlingual consonants are also called velar, because they are produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate (Lat. velum). They are: the English (k, g, rj]; the Russian [к, к', г, г х, х'].

3. The glottalconsonant [hj is articulated in the glottis. There are no glottal consonants in Russian.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. What is a consonant sound?

2. How do the consonants change on the articulatory level?

3. What are the two consonant classes according to the degree of noise?

4. What is the function of the vocal cords in the production of voiced and voiceless noise consonants?

5. How does the degree of noise vary because of the force of articulation?

6. What is a sonorant? State the difference between sonorants and noise consonants.

7. How does the position of the soft palate determine the qual­ity of a sonorant?

8. Define every type of obstruction.

9. What are the four groups of consonants according to the manner of articulation?

 

0. What consonant sounds are called 'occlusive'?

1. Why are plosives called 'stops'?

1. What consonant sounds are called 'constrictive'? What is the difference between occlusives and*constrictives?

1. How else are constrictive noise consonants called and why?

I. How do the fricatives vary in the work of the vocal cords and in the degree of force of articulation?

i. How are the constrictive sonorants made?

.>. What consonant sounds are occlusive-constrictive?

17. How are the Russian rolled consonants [p, p'J produced?

18. Enumerate the consonant groups according to the place of articulation.

19. How are the forelingual consonants classified according to the work of the tip of the tongue?

20. How do the forelingual consonants differ according to the place of obstruction?

CLASS A. NOISE CONSONANTS

OCCLUSIVE NOISE CONSONANTS (STOPS)*

Occlusive noise consonants comprise three pairs: [p, b; t, d;