fricatives [f, v; θ, ð; s, z; ʃ, ʒ; h]
Constrictive consonants are pronounced with an incomplete obstruction to the air stream, when the air passage is constricted; they are also called fricatives because the air passes through the narrowing with audible friction.
| According to the place of articulation According to the force of articulation | forelingual | glottal | |||
| labio-dental | inter-dental | alveolar | palato-alveolar | ||
| Strong (fortis) voiceless | f | θ | s | ʃ | h |
| Weak (lenis) sometimes voiced | v | ð | z | ʒ | - |
[f]