a) without destroying; without maintaining; without studying; without replacing; without creating.
b) instead of improving, instead of exploring, instead of putting, instead of solving, instead of saving, instead of processing, instead of mounting, instead of utilizing, instead of constructing, instead of referring.
c) Stop cooling! Stop heating! Stop working! Stop reading! Stop oxidizing! Stop observing!
Ex. 2 Translate paying attention to the forms with –ed and –ing.
In one of his experiments with the electric lamp, Thomas A. Edison placed a small metal plate inside the evacuated envelope surrounding the filament (íèòü íàêàëà). This plate was not touching the filament. By placing a galvanometer between the positive side of the filament and the plates, Edison noted a current flowing through the seemingly (êàæóùèéñÿ) open circuit between the filament and the metal plate. This action is called the Edison effect. In 1904 Ambrose Fleming improved the plate by forming it into a tubular (öèëèíäðè÷åñêèé) shape. This two-element tube was called a diode.
Ex. 3Translate the sentences and define the functions of the Gerund.
1. Measuring distances to the planets and stars has a lot of difficulties.
2. One of the effects of heat is turning a solid into liquid.
3. He likes reading.
4. Heating the substance up to 85 °C was absolutely necessary.
5. Thank you for coming.
6. The idea of utilizing the energy of oceans and seas for man’s needs is not new.
7. I watched Paul’s reading.
8. Water may be cooled without becoming solid.
9. I like Jane’s singing.
10. There are ways of generating heat besides that of combustion.
11. Heat is a form of energy, that is, it is capable of doing work.
12. Studying these phenomena was a difficult task for the scientists.
Ex. 4Translate and define the function and the form of the Gerund.