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Английский язык
Английский язык - раздел Иностранные языки, Министерство Образования И Науки Российской Федерации...
Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Казанский государственный технический
Университет им. А.Н.Туполева
Филиал «Восток»
Английский язык
для студентов II курса по специальности «Приборостроение»Lesson 1
Согласование времен — явление, характерное для английского языка.…Ex.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous Tense.
7. My hat (flow) off when I (cross) the bridge. 8. The rain (begin) to fall while we (watch) the game. 9. Just as I (get) interested in my work, I… 30. The old man never (go) out when it (rain). 31. The travelers (see) some…Ex.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect Tense.
9. After the doctor (examine) the child he (have) a talk with the mother. 10. When I (call) on my friend, he (go) out. 11. Mary (finish) her… 13. After she (spend) all her money she (ask) her father to help her. 14. The…Ex. 3 Give the three forms of the following verbs.
to be, to say, to tell, to speak, to talk, to hear, to have, to see, to take, to give, to attend, to phone, to go, to enjoy, to become, to get, to write, to leave, to buy, to remember
Ex. 4 Read and translate these sentences.
10. Miss Brooks said that Mr. Dodd was speaking on the phone then. 11. She said her husband was manager in a big factory. 12. He said that Byron was…Ex.5 Choose the proper tense-form of the verb.
The Passive Voice
Страдательный залог
The worker started the machine-tool. - Рабочий включил станок. Таблица всех времен в Passive Voice Present Past … The machine-tool was started by the worker. - Станок был включен рабочим.Ex.6 Open the brackets using the verbs in Passive Voice.
13. The article (to publish) last week, if I am not mistaken. 14. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 15. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago,…Ex.7 Open the brackets using the verbs in Active or Passive Voice.
Ex.8 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
10. They are repairing the clock now. 11. They sell milk in this shop. 12. I have translated the whole text. 13. They broke the window last week.… 16. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 17. They were playing tennis from… 19. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the 19th century. 20. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees.…Ex.9 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
Ex.10 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
3. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 4. We have been looking for you the whole morning. 5. We shall insist on strict discipline. 6. They teach…Ex.11 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
3. The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 4. You must return the books the day after tomorrow. 5. You must do three of these…Ex.12 Translate into English using Passive Indefinite after modal verbs.
7. Эту картину можно повесить над камином. 8. Как можно перевести это слово? 9. Куда можно поставить чемоданы? 10. Можно кошку оставить во дворе? … 11. На чto нужно обратить внимание? 12. Нужно записать твой номер телефона.…Ex.13 Translate into English using the verbs in Passive Voice.
11. Телеграмму послали поздно вечером, и он получит ее только утром. 12. Эту статью должна прочитать вся группа. 13. Это упражнение можно написать… 15. Это письмо можно написать на одном листе.Ex.14 Read the texts. Define the tense forms of the verbs.
Ask the questions to the texts.
HISTORY
Part I.
Part II.
The discovery of the "Edison effect", a flow of current through the vacuum of one of his lamps, was the first observation of current in… Generating plant - электро-станция flow - поток … oriented - ориентированныйMODERN ELECTRONICS
2. Electronics is one of the main sciences, which forms the technological basis for using these new methods. Electronics studies the problems… 3. Electronics surround us everywhere. Television, tape-recording,… 4. Now mankind is in the second decade of the cosmic era. It was in 1957 that the first man-made satellite was…Ex.16 Make up an abstract of the text basing on the answers to the above questions.
scientist, electrician, engineer, computer, examinee, examiner, semiconductor, connection, equipment, discovery, reliability, appliance, existence,… Ex.18 Translate these synonyms and memorize them: 1. big (adj), large, great, huge, enormous, vastListening and speaking.
Task 1. Now listen to a radio news item which refers to the same story and answer these questions: 1 How did Mr. Swanston find the coins? 2 How does he know when his detector has found something made of metal?Task 3. Check your answers to Task 3 with the help of the text and diagrams.
Alternating current (AC) is applied to the coil in the search head from the battery in the control box. This creates an ever-changing… The current induced in the metal object produces its own magnetic field, which in turn induces a voltage in the search…Task 4. Label each step in this flowchart with the correct letter from the list.
The first one is done for you.
Reading. Linking what you read with what you know.
Read this brief text and try to answer this question: Can metal detectors be used to trace water pipes under a street? Metal detectors can find buried metal. They were developed for military purposes to locate hidden explosives. They…Task 5. Read the text below, then look at these statements.
Are they true or false? You may need to use your own knowledge
As well as information from the text.
2 Gold necklaces are found quite often. 3 The search coil is connected directly to a battery. 4 Metal detectors require a changing magnetic field.Text
A metal detector is essential for today's amateur treasure hunter. But only the most expensive detector can reveal the difference between worthless items, such as pull-ring tops from soft drink cans or silver foil, and a rare find such as the gold necklace discovered by one enthusiast last year.
Electronic metal detectors use the principle of electromagnetic induction. This means that, if an object is placed in a changing magnetic field, an electrical voltage is created in the object. In a metal detector, an electrical current is passed through a coil of wire, called the search coil, to create a magnetic field. An alternating current (AC) generator converts the direct current (DC) from the battery into the AC needed to drive the coil. As AC regularly reverses direction, it produces the necessary ever-changing magnetic field.
Currents are created in a metal object which comes within this magnetic field by a process known as induction. This is because all metals conduct electricity. When a current is induced in a metal object (for example, a buried coin), this in turn produces its own magnetic fields. These magnetic fields are capable of inducing a small amount of electricity in the detector's search coil itself.
The simplest kind of metal detector is the pulse induction type. A powerful current is passed from the battery through the search coil and then switched off. The pulse of magnetism causes current to flow in any target objects below the ground. But unlike the current in the search coil, the current in the object cannot be switched off; it has to die away naturally. As it dies, the current in the object reactivates the search coil. This voltage is then amplified to indicate with a sound or a flashing light that an object has been found.
The effectiveness of a metal detector depends on the size and position of the object and how far beneath the ground it is buried. For example, a coin buried edge-on to the search coil is much harder to detect than the same coin buried face up.
Task 6. Copy out unknown words and translate them.
Lesson 2
Reported Speech
При переводе повествовательного предложения из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения: а) повествовательное предложение вводится союзом that, который, однако, часто… Не says, "They will achieve success."— He says (that) they will achieve success.Ex.1 Choose the proper adverb or the adverbial phrase.
Ex.2 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
Ex.3 Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.
Reported Questions
Вопросы в косвенной речи).
1. Вопросительный порядок слов заменяется порядком слов повествовательного предложения — глагол-сказуемое ставится после подлежащего. Личные и… Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме прошедшего времени,… 2. При переводе общих вопросов в косвенные они присоединяются к главному предложению с помощью союзов if или whether,…Ex.4 Translate into English.
Reported Commands and Requests
Приказания и просьбы в косвенной речи
1. Приказания и просьбы в косвенной речи вводятся глаголами to tell - велеть,… Следует помнить, что за глаголами to tell, to ask, to order всегда следует косвенное дополнение, к которому относится…Ex.5 Translate into English.
помочь ему .
остаться в городе на несколько дней.
разбудить его в 7.30.
не уходить из дома завтра.
Он попросил купить овощи и фрукты.
меня никому не говорить об этом.
договориться о встрече с г-ном Смитом.
отвезти его завтра в Абрамцево.
сказать ему, как это сделать.
не прерывать его.
Ex.6 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech. Decide whether to use 'told' or 'asked', or whether either of these two verbs is suitable.
Ex.7 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
Ex.8 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
Ex.9 Put the following into Indirect Speech.
3. "Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun," she said. 4. "I've been in London for a month but so far I haven't had time… 16. "Don't go near the water, children," she said. 17. "Don't…Ex.10 Read and translate the text.
ALFRED NOBEL - A MAN OF CONTRASTS.
He was bom in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Emmanuel, made a strong position for… had studied privately and by the time he was twenty was a skilful chemist and… But Nobel was never really concerned about making money or even making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was…NOTES TO THE TEXT.
1 landmine - мина, фугас
2 went bankrupt - обанкротился
3 interest - зд. процент
Ex.11 Read the words, learn them, translate the sentence.
Ex.12 Find the English equivalent.
Ex.13 Find the synonym.
Listening and speaking.
Task 1. As you listen to Part 1, answer these questions:
Where does Steve work?
a college
b commercial radio station
с recording studio
d mobile disco
Where did he work previously?
a college
b commercial radio station
с recording studio
dmobile disco
When he was a school and college student, what interest did he have in sound?
a he had his own band
b he had his own mobile disco
с he used to make commercials
d he recorded live music
What was he recording that day?
a a Japanese radio programme
b a tape compilation
с a self-study language tape
d a whisky commercial
Task 2. As you listen to Part 2, answer these questions:
Which one of these is not required to make a recording?
a a mike
b a tape recorder
с a recording studio
d a room with good acoustics
What will allow you to make a proper recording?
a a Portastudio
b a VU meter
с a bargraph
d special effects
What does a Portastudio combine?
a special effects and a cassette deck
b a mike and a cassette deck
с a mixer and a cassette deck
da VU meter and a cassette deck
Which one of the following is not a special effect?
a reverb
b echo
с compression
ddistortion
What should you do before making the final copy?
b check the recording levels с add special effects d run the tape backwardsReading Comparing sources.
In work and study we depend on information from different sources, for example, what we hear from lecturers and what we read in textbooks. In the exercise that follows, you are asked to compare a listening text and a reading text.
Task 4. Read this advice on 'Mixing down'. Listen again to Part 2. Then note the points in this text which are additional to those given on the tape.
Mixing down.
Similarly, do not mix on your own - someone else might point out things you have missed. And do not keep turning the volume up to hear things… Above all, always keep in mind the overall sound. Do not listen to one…Language study Giving advice.
The interview and the text mention things to do and things not to do when making your own recordings. For example:
Things to do
Leave it for a bit before you make the final copy.
Things not to do
Make sure you don't go into the red or you'll get distortion.
Things to do 1 You should keep an eye on the recording level. 2 Always keep an eye on the recording level.Lesson 3.
Conditional Sentences
Придаточное предложение Главное предложение I тип — реальное условие (относится к любому времени) If…Союзы, вводящие условные предложения.
if, in case если, в случае
provided
(providing) при условии
on condition
unless, but for если не, если бы не, за исключением
Exercises:
Ex.1 Translate the sentences. Define the type of conditionals.
2. The measurements were always correct provided the necessary instruments were used. б) 1. Providing mercury did not expand when heated, it would not be used for… 2. But for electricity little could be done in a modern research laboratory.Ex.2 Translate the sentences paying attention to inversion.
1. Were there no atmosphere, the surface of the Earth would become too hot by day and too cold at night.
2. Should the scientist use a radio telescope, he would obtain much more information about that small planet.
3. Could the observations have been proved theoretically, they would have advanced our knowledge in the field of space research.
4. Had the information been received in time, we would have used it in our calculations.
Ex.3 Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
14. You will never finish your work if you (to waste) your time like that.15. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle this…Ex.4 Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
Ex.5 Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
Ex.6 Read and translate the text. Find conditional sentences.
WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT?
Two things are necessary to cause an electric current to flow: the first - a complete circuit, and the second - a driving force1 called the… If you put free electrons on an insulated copper ball, what would they do? In… A battery has a surplus of electrons on one of its two plates; so you say that a battery furnishes an e. m. f. If a…Notes on the text
1driving force (here) = electromotive force (e. m. f.) — электродвижущая сила
2and the like — и другие подобные (вещества)
Ex.7 Answer the questions to the text.
1. What is the unit of current?
2. What can an electric current do?
3. What is necessary to cause an electric current to flow?
4. What are the most common sources of electromotive force?
5. How does current flow in various substances?
6. What is the unit of resistance?
7. What substances do we call insulators?
8. What semiconductors do you know?
Words to be learnt.
Ex.8 Translate the words.
conduct conductor conduction conductive conducting conducted …Ex.9 Translate words and word – combinations.
а) radio and radar equipment; city water-supply system; high-speed production pro-cess; ground-space communication station; high-voltage transmission lines; radio-
wave length stabilization
б) left-right movements; up-and-down movements; not-very-distant future; left-hand plates; right-hand plates
Ex. 10 Use the verbs in the correct form.
the motion of electrons (to increase). 2. In case they created the device it (to be put) into operation at once. they (to conduct) interesting observations.Ex.11 Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined words.
2. The number of workshops and whole plants provided with automatic control is rapidly increasing in our country. 3. Ohm's law provided the possibility of determining resistance provided the… 4. Provided the Earth's mass were twice as great as it is, it would attract any body twice as strongly.Ex.12 Translate the sentences paying attention to conjunctions.
2. Neither of the engines will give the efficiency desired. 3. In many cases heat plays an important role, either starting or accelerating… 4. Either of the methods of producing electricity may be used under these conditions.Ex.13 Translate the sentences.
but for — если бы не 1. The proton and neutron have almost the same weight, but the electron weighs… 2. The nucleus of hydrogen contains but one proton.Ex.14 Translate and state the type of conditionals and the tense.
2. Should a permanent magnet be moved in and out of a coil of wire, both the magnet and the coil would be used as a simple electric generator. 3. Had there been no Earth's gravitation, the artificial satellites would have… 4. It would have been impossible to launch space satellites and space rockets provided we had not had the necessary…Ex.15 Read and translate the text. Find conditional sentences.
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION
Aside from1 water vapour, the main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide2, methane, nitrous oxide3 . Of these, carbon dioxide is the most important. … The most dramatic consequence of the warming would be a rise sea level from… Scientists don't think that mankind alone is responsible for the melting of glaciers and the rise of sea levels up to…Listening and Speaking.
Task 1. Fill in the gaps in this text. Each gap represents one word. Compare your answers with your partner. More than one answer is possible for many of the gaps.
In the United Kingdom, you study electronics at a college of further education or a university.
A college of further education will students who have completed a minimum of four years secondary school. Most students study full-time colleges also offer day release classes people employed by local businesses who are given time work to attend courses. Colleges also provide evening for full-time workers and members of the local community want to study in their spare time.
Most university students will have completed six years of secondary . Some will have completed four years and taken a course at a college of further education.
From a college you can a certificate or diploma. A diploma usually requires a longer period of study a certificate.
Universities give degrees. A Bachelor's degree takes three to four years of
A Master's degree usually requires a further .
Task 2. Listen to the text and note the words used on the tape for each gap.
Task 3. Find out the courses your local college or institute offers in information technology. List them and try to translate the course titles into English.
Task 4. Study this list of courses. Do any match the courses offered by your local college?
Course Guide
Information Technology
Code Course Title IT 1 Full-time National Certificate Course for Women in Electronics. IT 2 Full-time National Certificate Course in Information Technology.Task 9. Listen to these words. Try to mark the stressed syllable.
1 college 4 diploma 7 management 10 technician
2 institute 5 information 8 engineering
3 university 6 electronics 9 technical
Writing Requesting information
In a formal letter, we can request information using expressions like these:
Please send me...
I would be grateful if you could send me ...
Lesson 4.
The Participle.
Participle I (Present Participle) V-ing – переводится на русский язык действительным залогом причастия или деепричастия; Participle II (Past Participle) V+ed или V3 – переводится страдательным… Forms of the Participle I Active Passive Indefinite Writing …Forms of the Participle II
Functions and translation 1) Attribute or attributive phrase (определение) The sleeping child is my niece. – Спящий ребенок – моя племянница.…Особенности перевода
Независимый причастный оборот всегда выделяется запятыми!
· My sister having lost the key, we couldn’t enter the house.– Так как моя сестра потеряла ключ, мы не смогли войти в дом. 2. Если независимый причастный оборот находится во второй части предложения,… · That plant produces large quantities of pig-iron, most of the pig-iron being turned into steel. – Этот завод…Ex.4 Translate the sentences and define the functions of the Participles.
1. Any vibrating object produces a sound.
2. Electrons, forming an atom, are in motion.
3. Considering the matter he encountered many difficulties.
4. The units used to measure time, space and mass are called fundamental units.
5. Insulated, the wire may be used as a conductor.
6. The pressure removed, the air springs back to its original volume.
Ex.5 Translate the sentences with the Simple Participle constructions and Absolute Participle constructions.
2. Technology having reached a high stage of development new methods of work became possible. 3. The engineer was repairing the damaged machine-tool, two workers helping… 4. The number of scientists conducting similar experiments was increasing.Ex.6 Translate the sentences and define the functions of the Participle: a) attribute, b) predicative, c) adverbial modifier.
3. Whenspeakingabout oxygen it is necessary to say that it is a colourless, odourless gas havingdensity at standard pressure and temperature of… 4. While burningdifferent substances combine with oxygen. 5. The assistant was preparingthe solution very carefully.Ex.7 Translate the sentences with Absolute Participle constructions.
Ex.8 Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Participle and its functions. 1. Being very ill, she couldn’t do her work. 2. The first rays…Ex.9 Translate the text and define the functions of the Participles. Find Absolute Participle Constructions.
Holographic technique helps in testing and research.
During the past three decades, several types of interferometric holography have been demonstrated, еасh having advantages of specific devices for… One can describe holography as a powerful tool that will remain the research… Notes:Ex.10 Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction and its place in a sentence.
2. A d. c. motor being installed, the r. p. m. can be controlled automatically. 3. Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all… 4. One scientist after another have tried cooling some gas to absolute zero, their attempts coming to nothing.Ex.11 Translate the text. Find the Participles and Absolute Participle Constructions.
The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology. Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense… The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10. per cent helium gas and 90 per cent…Words to be learnt
travelv –двигаться Ex.12 Answer the questions. 1. What is the laser? 2. What is the function of the laser?Ex.14 Translate the words
| Существительные | Прилагательные | Существительные | Числительные |
| thinker designer student assistant | thicker larger different important | length depth width breadth | fifth twelfth twentieth fortieth |
Ex.15 Translate the phrases.
to operate without recharging; to overestimate the results of the investigation; to superheat the compound; to enrich the metal; to produce semi-manufactured parts; interplanetary communication; the property of superconductivity
Ex.16 Define the form and the function of the Participle in the sentences. Translate them.
2. Being used in measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave much more accurate data. 3. Scientists have found a simple way to produce a laser beam of any colour… 4. Having used a laser beam scientists obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter's temperature - minus 150°F.Ex.17 Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the marked words and phrases.
2. These semiconductor devices are made both of germanium and silicon, the former being in a more advanced state of development. 3. In mechanics we are interested in two kinds of energy, namely, kinetic… 4. On the one hand, platinum is one of the most useful metals, but on the other hand, it is too expensive to be…Ex.18 Read and translate the words.
| to finish – to furnish how – now then – than knew – new this – thus some – same very – vary |
From – form – former
letter – latter – later
though – through – thought
read – ready – readily
signal – single
serious – series
name – namely
Listening and speaking.
Task 1. Read this newspaper article: High-tech mystery
A recent survey of video owners found that over 70% could not set their timersTask 5. Study the chart. Find the results of the changes in design.
Language study: Change and result
spinning the head at a high speed The rate at which the data could be stored or retrieved was increased. We can link a change and its consequence in two ways:Lesson 5
The Gerund
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, обладающая свойствами как существительного, так и глагола. Выражает процесс действия.
Образуется V+ing
Характерным признаком герундия является наличие перед ним:
1) предлога;
2) притяжательного местоимения;
3) существительного в притяжательном или общем падеже.
Герундий с относящимися к нему словами образует герундиальный оборот.
Формы герундия.
Functions. 1.Subject Reading books in English is very important.– Читать книги на английском языке – очень важно.Ex. 1 Translate the phrases and the sentences.
b) instead of improving, instead of exploring, instead of putting, instead of solving, instead of saving, instead of processing, instead of… c) Stop cooling! Stop heating! Stop working! Stop reading! Stop oxidizing!… Ex. 2 Translate paying attention to the forms with –ed and –ing.A.
1. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer.
2. He remembers having added some water to the mixture.
3. They finished installing the apparatus only on Saturday.
4. They began making the experiment in May.
5. After failing his examination in January he had to take it again in February.
6. After graduating from the Institute he worked in the Far North.
7. At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work.
8. There are different ways of obtaining the substance.
9. The organizers of the conference were informed of his refusing to take part in it.
10. I remember his having been interested in languages in his childhood.
B.
1. I know of his having been sent to work to the Far East.
2. What is the reason for his having left our city so suddenly?
3. We heard of the experiment having been started last week.
4. He improved his report by changing the end.
5. They objected to his staying at home.
6. Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a new one in the center of the town.
7. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up.
8. It is possible to set up power stations based on utilizing the heat of the Sun.
9. The idea of creating a multi-stage rocket belongs to Tsiolkovsky.
10. Before being sent up the balloon was filled with a special gas.
11. What apparatus do we use for measuring air pressure?
12. Science requires experimenting.
13. Speaking foreign languages is important for every educated man.
Ex. 5 Translate paying attention to the –ing form.
2. The monument of what century are you restoring? 3. The monument of what century is being restored? 4. The experts restoring the monument were provided with modern techniques.Ex. 7 Translate into English, using the Gerund.
2. Мы закончили работу над этой проблемой. 3. Продолжайте петь. 4. Вы не против того, чтобы открыть окно?Ex. 8 Translate the sentences.
2. She suspected him of deceiving her. 3. The poor peasant thanked Robin Hood heartily for having helped him. 4. He gave up the idea of ever hearing from her.Ex. 9 Open the brackets, using the Gerund in Active and Passive form.
1. He was always ready for (to help) people.
2. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty.
3. On (to allow) to leave the room the children immediately ran out into the yard and began (to play).
4. In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena.
5. The results of the experiment must be checked and rechecked before (to publish).
6. David was tired of (to scold) all the time.
Ex. 10 Give the possible variants of translation.
1. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure during the test was absolutely necessary. 2. The student’s taking part in the research was of great help to the whole… 3. His offering new temperature conditions for the system will give greater efficiency.Ex. 12 Translate and define the functions of the Gerund.
2. Making giant molecules out of little ones is called polymerization. Academician Zelinsky’s works formed the basis for synthesizing a large number… 3. In 1869 Mendeleyev suggested using a new system of the classification of…Ex. 13 Compare the translation of Active and Passive and define the function.
8. The aim of these measures is raising standards of service. 9. Supplied with books and scientific equipment the young scientist began…Ex. 14 Compare the translation of Gerund Indefinite and Perfect and define the function.
Ex. 15 Translate and define the function of the Gerund.
2. John Dalton stated that atoms are incapable of being destroyed or created. 3. The Curies’ having discovered radium gave them the possibility of… 4. One of the ways of producing tremendous energy is imitating on the Earth the process that makes the Sun shine.Sources of power
At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e.1 coal, natural gas and… It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these… One is the energy of hot water. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water…Ex. 1 Answer the questions.
2. Which is the first widely applied method of producing electricity at present? 3. Which is the second way of generating power? 4. What (how high) is the efficiency of these two methods?Ex. 2 Define the parts of speech.
Ex. 3 Translate the sentences and remember the synonyms of the verb to work. …Ex. 5 Translate the sentences.
to found (founded) a town (an institute, a scientific school, etc.) 1. The geologists found great deposits of coal in a northern region. 2. The scientists want to found a laboratory of precision instruments at the institute.Ex. 7 Form the Gerund, using these verbs (to convert; to create; to utilize; to generate; to run) and translate.
2. In fact, (превращение) conventional kinds of fuels into electricity is not economic enough. 3. The idea of (использования) the energy of oceans is not new, but tidal… 4. Recently scientists have succeeded in (создании) a few kinds of generators for (превращения) heat directly into…Ex. 8 Explain the meaning of the words with –ing and define the form.
RevisionEx. 1 Compare the using and give the translation of the Participle and the Gerund.
Ex. 2 Define the function of the words with –ing and translate the sentences.
1. Applying the method will give the results desired. Applying the method the technologists will get the results desired.
2. Dividing a unit of distance by a unit of time we get a unit of speed. Dividing a unit of distance by a unit of time gives a unit of speed.
3. Producing power is dependent mainly on the fuel and machinery available. Producing electricity by means of generators we get rather low efficiency.
Ex. 3 Compare the functions of the Participle and the Gerund in phrases and translate.
2. Our scientists are investigating new kinds of… The purpose of this research is investigating new kinds of… 3. (While) describing the process the researcher… In describing the process… 4. Having investigated the phenomenon the scientist… After having investigated the phenomenon the scientists… The…Ex. 4 Define the form of the verb with –ing and translate the text. Find Gerundial Objects and Absolute Participle constructions.
Several remarkable Russian scientists have made a great contribution to the science, Yablochkov and Lodygin being the best known to everyone.… After having seen Lodygin’s lamp Edison took great interest in the invention.… However, the carbon filament not being efficient and economic enough, Lodygin turned to the study of metals. Soon the…Listening and speaking
1 Why do some people prefer LPs? 2 What is the expert's choice? 3 What are the advantages of CDs?Task 2 Here is the completed table of differences. Listen again to the tape. Tick the differences the expert mentions.
Language study Comparison and contrast, 2.
On the tape the expert contrasted: 1 LPs and CDs 2 analogue and digital recordingLesson 6
The Infinitive
Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свойствами существительного, глагола, прилагательного. Представляет основу глагола, которой обычно предшествует частица to.
Формы инфинитива
1. Indefinite Infinitive – действия одновременные с действием, выраженным сказуемым. I am glad to see you.– Я рад тебя видеть. I was glad to see you.– Я был рад тебя видеть.Functions
a) To study well is our duty.– Хорошо учиться – наша обязанность. b) It is necessary (important, nice, good, pleasant, strange…) to read…Complex Object with the Infinitive.
It consists of two elements.
2 – infinitive 1. After verbs of sense perception (hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe)… 1 2Complex Subject with the Infinitive
It consists of two elements. The verbs are mainly used in Passive Voice. 1. With the verbs of sense perception (Глаголы чувственного восприятия). The girl was seen to cross the street.– Видели, как девочка переходила улицу.Ex.2 Translate the phrases with the Infinitive.
the connectors to be maid, the crystal to be processed, the instrument to be installed, the diodes to be mounted, the task to be solved, the hardware to be tested.
Ex.3 Grammar review.
| Infinitive | ||
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | to write | to be written |
| Continuous | to be writing | – |
| Perfect | to have written | to have been written |
Translate and define the functions of the infinitive.
My hobby is to read books. I like to read books everywhere – at home, at the institute, but mostly in the bus on my way home or to the institute. … If I want to read a book I always remember that some books are to be tasted,… b) MOTHER: It’s time to go to bed, baby.Ex. 4 Translate paying attention to the Infinitive.
| to send the letter to inform them the house to be built to build the road to connect two towns the story to listen to the question to be answered | I am happy to help you. I an glad to have helped him. He was glad to have been helped. I am glad to be helping them. I am glad to be helped. |
Ex. 5 Translate the sentences.
2. She wanted to be answered at once. 3. He was happy to be working with the famous scientist. 4. It’s very difficult to drive a car in a big city.Ex.6 Translate and define the functions of the Infinitive.
2. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere. 3. A new comfortable coach was developed to transport people over long… 4. He was saving money to travel about the country.Ex. 8 Translate the text and define the Infinitive constructions.
Ex. 9 . Translate the sentences with Complex Subject
2. The members of the committee are reported to come to an agreement. 3. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of the month. 4. She seems to know English and French.Ex.10 Translate the sentences.
1. He is said to work well. 2. He is said to be a good engineer. 3. He is said to test new devices.Ex. 11 Translate the sentences with Complex Subject and define the forms of the Infinitive
B) 1. He is said to test new devices. 2. He is said to be testing a new device now. 3. He is said to have tested a new device for electronic… C) 1. He is reported to grow crystals. 2. He is reported to be growing a new…Ex. 12 Translate paying attention to the Predicate.
B) 1. a) This method seems to be efficient. b) This method seems to be simple. c)… 2. a) The system proved to be efficient. b) The system proved to be inefficient. c) The system proved to be good.Ex. 13 Translate the sentences with Infinitive Constructions.
2.Everybody thought him to be quite a reliable person. 3.The captain declared the load to be too much for his small boat. 4.He seems to know a great deal about the history of navigation.Ex. 14 Translate and define the forms and the functions of the Infinitive.
2. He didn't hear the boy enter the room. 3. The dog was the first to feel danger. 4. This question is too complicated to be answered at once.Ex. 1 Define the parts of speech and translate them.
achieve – achievement; apply – application – applicable; consider – consideration – considerable; create – creation – creative – creator; define – definition – definite; flexible – flexibility; design – designer – designing; convey – conveyance – conveyor; manufacture – manufacturing – manufacturer; produce – production – productive – productivity; require – requirement; utilize – utilization.
Ex. 2 Read and translate the phrases.
Ex. 3 Define the meanings of the phrases with international words. flexible manufacturing system; advanced technical know-how; automated material…Ex. 4 Read and translate the sentences.
Ex.5 Read the text. Find the definitions of the FMS.
A Flexible Manufacturing System may be defined as a system dealing with high level distributed data processing and automated material flow using… Here manufacturing is considered to be a system which integrates different… Input may be raw material and/or data which have to be processed using various auxiliary components of the system,…Ex. 6 Find English equivalents in the text.
передовая технология; автоматизированный поток материала; контрольные машины; автоматизированная система перемещения и складирования деталей (сервисная система); сырье; инструменты; захват-держатель; данные обратной связи; конкретная по конструкции деталь; станки; сварка; производство листового металла; отвечать требованиям промышленности; программное и аппаратное обеспечение; максимальное использование машин.
REVISION
Ex. 16 Define the functions of infiitives and translate into Russian. Find complexes.
2. He asked for the papers to be brought. 3. Chelyuskin was the first to determine the position of this northern… 4. We entered the University to be taught different subject. He asked me to wait a little.Ex. 18 Translate into Russian.
2. The students to take part in this expedition have come. 3. The article to be discussed is written by our professor. 4. He showed us… 5. This is the book to be found in any shop now.Ex. 19 Translate the text. Find sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions.
The holes drifting through the P-type region towards the P-N junction may be considered to have been injected by the positive terminal of the… Notes: depletion layer обедненный (истощенный) слой …Listening and speaking
Peter is a technician at a large college. On the tape he describes his work.
1 Electronics was Peter's main hobby at school. 2 His father forced him to take up a career in electronics. 3 His first employer did not provide him with training in electronics.Task 2 Now listen again to each section of the tape. This time, listen for detail.
Compare answers with your partner.
Part 1
1 What sort of things did Peter make at school?
2 Which company does his father work for?
3 What did the first company that Peter worked for sell?
4 When do rewinding mechanisms start to go wrong?
5 What happens when the plastic drives slip?
Part 2
6 When did he come to the college?
7 What equipment does he maintain?
8 What do students sometimes do with equipment left in the classrooms?
Part3
9 What equipment does he use to film course material?
10 How is the professional camera different from the domestic camcorder?
11 What do they normally work to when they film a scene?
12 In addition to a recorder and player, what piece of equipment does he use when editing?
13 What quality of tape does he use?
14 What part of his work does he enjoy most?
Search reading
In a number of units you have practiced searching a text for specific detail. This involved matching the topic of your search with words in the text. In the task which follows you are asked to find examples of a category: equipment for fault-finding. Before you start your search, think of the kind of examples you may find - tools, instruments, etc. This will help you locate the items more quickly.
Task 3 Now search this text for further differences to add to your list.
In Europe, the term HDTV is used. In the USA, the more generic term ATV, Advanced Television, has been adopted. The Japanese, who were the first to… The picture is displayed using more lines per frame. This means that they… A wider range of frequencies can be used to transmit each HDTV channel. This is because they can be transmitted at…Language study. Certainty.
1 By the turn of the century such sets may be offering programmes in a choice of languages. 2 Picture quality will be excellent. 3 The move towards HDTV is likely to be very gradual.Task 4 Listen to this expert on audio systems, recorded in 1992. Note his predictions for each format and the certainty expressions he uses. Do you share his views? Has the situation changed today? Discuss in groups.
Prediction Certainty expressions
LPs
Cassettes
MDs
CDs
Task 5 How likely are these developments in the next five years? Make statements about each development using the certainty expressions in the table. For example:
Most houses in your country will be cleaned by electronic robots.
I think it's unlikely that most houses in my country will be cleaned by electronic robots. It's possible that some houses will use them.
1 Vinyl records will not be made.
2 Ordinary audio cassettes will not be made.
3 Most families in your country will have CD players.
4 Most families in your country will have MD players.
5 Most families in your country will have DCC players.
6 Computers will understand and respond to your spoken language.
7 Cars will be electronically guided through cities.
8 Most teaching will be done by computers.
9 No manual labour will be done in factories in your country.
10 Most families in your country will have HDTVs.
Read yourself
Text 1 Read the text, translate it, paying attention to grammar structures.
A NEW PEDESTRIAN CROSSING STRATEGY
Pelican crossings were designed to operate efficiently by providing a variable period for pedestrians to complete their crossing of the road. The… A new approach was needed to provide common operation at all crossings, remove… Tasks for the text:Text 2 Before reading the text, match the words and definitions listed below.
VIRUSES
After the infector has copied the virus elsewhere, the detonator performs the virus's main work. Generally, that work is either damaging data on… Here's an example of a simple virus, the Lehigh virus. The infector portion of… So let's say you put a floppy containing COMMAND.COM into an infected PC at your office-that is, a PC that is running…Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the text. If you feel a statement is false, change it to make it true.
□ Viruses cannot be spread through a computer network, only via floppies transported from computer to computer.
□ The virus will spread as soon as you put the infected floppy in your PC.
□ The infector works by interfering in some way with the normal use of your computer.
□ The detonator in Lehigh works by altering what you see on your screen.
□ Most viruses spread through pirated games.
□ You should run an antivirus program every time you use your computer.
□ There are not very many viruses in circulation.
□ Virus shields are more effective than virus scanners.
Text 3 Read the text, find passive constructions, translate.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
These multi-user databases are managed by a piece of software called a database management system (DBMS). It is this which differentiates a database… One general function of the DBMS is the shielding of database users from… The DBMS also determines the amount and type of information that each user can access from a database. For example, a…Ask as many questions to the text as you can and answer them.
Text 4 Read and translate the text.
ELECTRON EMISSION
2. To escape from the surface of the material the electrons must perform a certain amount of work to overcome the restraining surface forces. To do… 3. Thermionic emission. It is the most important and one most commonly used in… 4. The thermionic emission is obtained by heating the cathode electrically. This may be produced in two ways: 1) by…Translate the international words without a dictionary.
cathode, emitter, material, cylinder, portion, energy, radiation, temperature, thermal, adequate, absolute, special, emission, electron, normally
3. Define to what parts of speech these words belong and translate them:
realize, equalize, electrify, classify, originate, strengthen, widen, increasingly, widely, likewise, otherwise, forward, towards, upward, outward, downward
Text 5 Read and translate the text.
DIODES
1. The simplest combination of elements constituting an electron tube is the diode. It consists of a cathode, which serves for emitting the electrons, and a plate or anode surrounding the cathode, which acts as a collector of electrons. Both electrodes are enclosed in a highly evacuated envelope of glass or metal. If the cathode is indirectly heated, there must be a heating spiral or a heater. The size of diode tubes varies from, tiny metal tubes to large-sized rectifiers. The plate is generally a hollow metallic cylinder made of nickel, molybdenum graphite, tantalum or iron.
2. A basic law of electricity states that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Electrons emitted from the cathode of an electron tube are negative electric charges. These charges may be either attracted to or repelled from the plate of a diode tube, depending on whether the plate is positively or negatively charged.
3. Actually, by applying a potential difference (voltage) from a battery or other source between the plate and cathode of a diode, an electric field is established within the tube. The lines of force of this field always extend from the negatively charged element to the positively charged element. Electrons, being negative electric charges, follow the direction of the lines of force in an electric field.
4. By establishing an electric field of the correct polarity between cathode and plate and "shaping" the lines of force of this field in certain paths,1 the motion of the electrons can be controlled as desired. A battery is connected between plate and cathode of a diode, so as to make the plate positive with respect to the cathode, the lines of force of the electric field extending in a direction from the cathode to the plate.
5. Again, applying a heater voltage results in emission of electrons from the cathode. The electrons follow the lines of force to the positive plate and strike it at high speed. Since moving charges comprise an electric current, the stream of electrons to the plate is an electric current, called the plate current.
6. Upon reaching the plate the electron current continues to flow through the external circuit made up of the connecting wires and the battery. The arriving electrons are absorbed into the positive terminal of the battery and an equal number of electrons flow out from the negative battery terminal and return to the cathode, thus replenishing the supply of electrons lost by emission.
7. As long as the cathode of the tube is maintained at emitting temperatures and the plate remains positive, plate current will continue to flow from the cathode to the plate within the tube and from the plate back to the cathode through the external circuit.
8. Now a battery connection has been reversed so as to make the plate negative with respect to the cathode. When voltage is applied to the heater the cathode will emit a flow of electrons. However, these electrons are strongly repelled from the negatively charged plate and tend to fill the inter-electrode space between cathode and plate. Since no electrons actually reach the plate, the tube acts like an open circuit.
9. The total number of electrons emitted by the cathode of a diode is always the same at a given operating temperature. The plate voltage (voltage between plate and cathode) has no effect, therefore, on the amount of electrons emitted from the cathode. Whether or not these electrons actually reach the plate, however, is determined by the plate-to-cathode voltage,2 as well as by a phenomenon known as space charge.
10. The term space charge is applied to the cloud of electrons that is formed in the interelectrode space between cathode and plate. Since it is made up of electrons, this cloud constitutes a negative charge in the interelectrode space that has a repelling effect on the electrons being emitted from the cathode. The effect of this negative space charge alone, therefore, is to force a considerable portion of the emitted electrons back into the cathode and prevent others from reaching the plate.
11. The space charge, however, does not act alone. It is counteracted by the electric field from the positive plate, which reaches through the space charge to attract electrons and thus partially overcomes its effects. At low positive plate voltages only electrons nearest to the plate are attracted to it and constitute a small plate current. The space charge then has a strong effect on limiting the number of electrons reaching the plate.
12. As the plate voltage is increased, a greater number of electrons are attracted to the plate through the negative space charge and correspondingly fewer are repelled back to the cathode. If the plate voltage is made sufficiently high, a point is reached eventually, where all the electrons emitted from the cathode are attracted to the plate and the effect of the space charge is completely overcome. Further increases in the plate voltage cannot increase the plate current through the tube, and the emission from the cathode limits the maximum current flow.
Commentary
2. whether or not these electrons actually reach the plate, however, is determined by the plate-to-cathode voltage — однако попадание или… EXERCISES:Text 6 Read and translate the text.
TRANSISTORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
2. In contrast to electron tubes, which utilize the flow of free electrons through a vacuum or gas, the transistor relies for its operation on the… 3. It is known that materials are classed as semiconductors if their… 4. It is known that outermost electron shell of an atom contains the loosely held valence electrons, which are easily…Commentary
2. while catching up fast in other respects — и широко применяется в других областях техники 3. an electron missing — недостающий электронText 7 Read and translate the text.
AMPLIFIERS
2. In this section we shall discuss amplifier circuits, or more specifically, audio amplifiers. An amplifier is an electron tube or transistor… 3. There are also so-called power amplifiers. These are similar to voltage… 4. When a number of amplifiers are hooked up in series so that the output of one serves as the input to the next…Commentary
1. to some practical matters — на практике
EXERCISES:
1. Review questions:
1.What do often electronic systems involve? 2. What is an amplifier? 3. What is a voltage amplifier? 4. What is the amplification or gain of the amplifier? 5. What is the main purpose of power amplifiers? 6. In what way are a number of amplifiers connected? 7. What do audio amplifiers amplify?
Make up an abstract of the text basing on the answers to the above questions.
3. Define to what parts of speech these words belong and translate them:
user, usage, misuse, useful, useless, usefulness, uselessness, usefully, uselessly; various, variously, variable, variation, variety; converter, reconvert, conversion, conversely.
Check yourself
Variant I
Computers in our life
The ERIC system, through its 16 subject-specific clearinghouses, associated adjunct clearinghouses, and support components, provides a variety of… Those who work with adult learners report that these learners do not seem to… Students who are unfamiliar with using a mouse will need to be shown how to maneuver it correctly including how to…Render the text or answer the following questions. Time limit: 15-18 min.
A) via the Internet. C) through commercial channels. B) on CD-ROM. D) through any printed journal. 2. The database is timely updated but you cannot receive new information everyGrammar test
Choose the right answer. Only one answer is correct.
a) itself, b) themselves, c) oneself, d) ourselves 2)We must send a telegram to congratulate them ... their silver wedding. a) for, b) with, c) on, d) aboutVariant II
Virtual worlds
The host appears as a different character depending on the mood he's in. Sometimes he'd represent himself as a simple smiley face, sometimes a dog,… Communicating as a cartoon character on a daily, nine-to-five basis, through… This is not particularly hi-tech – it's just the best you can get away with using today's standard hardware. An…Render the text or answer the following questions. Time limit: 18-20 min.
A written words. C masked characters. B slow-moving images. D real people impersonating different characters. 2. The host could not appear asGrammar test
Choose the right answer. Only one answer is correct.
a) It is, b) There are, c) It was, d) There is. 2)... that year the Browns lived in Brighton. a) —, b) In, c) On, d) AtAPPENDIX 1
Составные предлоги 1. aсcording to …APPENDIX 2
Irreqular verbs
APPENDIX 3
Чтение дробных и смешанных величин
возможность, физическая/ умственная, способность Оттенки значения Глаголы Перевод … Словообразование (Word Formation)Суффиксы
Приставки
| Приставки | Словообразование |
| un- in- (im-, il-, ir-) re- dis- mis- | necessary — unnecessary correct — incorrect (polite — impolite) to read — to reread to like — to dislike to understand — to misunderstand |
Appendix 4
List of abbreviations
А.С. = (a.c.) = alternating current = переменный ток a.f. = audio frequency = звуковая частота A.F.C. = automatic frequency control = автоматическая подстройка частоты (АПЧ)VOCABULARY
ability n – способность abbreviate v – сокращать above adv - наверху, вышеЛитература
1. Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб. / Т.Ю. Полякова [и др.].–4-е изд., перераб. и доп.– М.: Высш. Шк., 1990.–463 с.
2. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Курс английского языка для вечерних и заочных технических вузов: Учеб. – 5 изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Высш. шк., 2000.–463c.
3. Баракова М.Я., Мкртчак Г.А., Наумова Н.И. Гибкие автоматизированные производства: Пособие по обучению чтению на английском языке: Учеб. пособие / Под ред. М.Б. Генералова. – М.: Высш. шк., 1990. – 140с.
4. Вступительный экзамен по английскому языку: справочник для поступающих на англ. отд. Гуманитарных вузов/ А.Н.Галкина [и др.].– Обнинск: Титул, 1919.- 80с.
5. Голикова Ж.А., Гусарова Л.В. Книга для чтения по английскому языку для студентов технических вузов: Учеб. пособие. – М.: Высш. шк., 1990. –130с.
6. Голузина В.В., Петров Ю.С. Пособие по английскому языку для электротехнических и радиотехнических вузов. Современная электроника и электронные приборы. Учеб. пособие. М.: «Высш.школа», 1974.- 152.
7. Комолова З.П., Новоселецкая В.П., Новикова Н.В. Популярная электроника : Пособие по обучению чтению на английском языке: Учеб. пособие. – Мн.: Высш. шк., 1988. – 158с.: ил.
8. Кузьменкова, Ю.Б. Tests, Texts and Topical for your English Exams Обнинск: Титул, 2003.–152 с.
9. Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В., Тынкова О.И., Улановская Э.С. Английский язык для инженеров: Учеб. – 4-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: Высш. шк., 1990. – 463с.
10. Синявская Е.В., Улановская Э.С., Тынкова О.И. Английский язык для технических вузов: Учеб. – М.: Высш. шк., 1990. – 464с.
11. Якушева В.Н., СинильниковаТ.Д. Электроника. Сборник текстов на английском языке. (Для аудиторной работы) – СПб.: КАРО, 2003. – 144с.
12. Eric H. Glendinning, John McEvan Oxford English for Electronics. Oxford University Press, 1996.–208c.
13. Keith Boeckner, P. Charles Brown. Oxford English for Computing. Oxford University Press, 1996.–212c.
– Конец работы –
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