-Do the students have to pay for education in Ukraine?
-It’s common knowledge education in Ukraine is paid and free of charge as well. Students are also provided with monthly grants by the state.
-Do all students in Ukraine receive grants?
-Not all, but the majority of them. Those who study well and take part in socially useful work. -Students from other cities and towns are provided with hostel accommodation at a very low cost, but as for their meals, they must solve the problem themselves.
2.Read, learn and act.
-Are there many foreign students in Ukraine?
-Students from about 150 countries study at higher and specialized secondary establishments of Ukraine.
-What is the tuition fee in Ukraine for a foreign student?
-It depends upon the higher establishment and the faculty.
-Do foreign students receive monthly grants?
-Yes, they do. They are paid twice as much as Ukrainian students.
-In what language is instruction given to foreign students?
-Instruction to foreign students is given in Ukrainian. If a foreign student doesn’t know Ukrainian, he has to take a year’s course in Ukrainian before he gets down to studying the specialty of his choice.
3.Speak about our university, about higher education in Ukraine.
UNIT 20
| Grammar: Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech. Reported Statements. Sequence of Tenses. Topic:The Commonwealth Reading:Text A. What Is International Trade? Text B. Relations Between Ukraine and English- Speaking Countries. Talking Points |
GRAMMAR
Direct and Reported (Indirect) Speech.
Reported Statements. Sequence of Tenses.
Direct Speech gives the exact words someone said. We use inverted commas in Direct Speech.
e.g. “It’s a nice day,” he said.
Reported Speech gives the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words. We do not use inverted commas in Reported Speech.
e.g. He said it was a nice day.
The sequence of tenses is a certain dependence of the tenses of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause: if the verb in the principle clause is in one of the past tenses, a past tense (or future in the past) must be used.
e.g. I knew he played the piano every day.
Reported Statements are usually introduced with say (that) or tell (that).
Say is used in Direct Speech. It is also used in Reported Speech when it is not followed by the person the words were spoken to. Tell is used din Reported Speech when it is followed by the person the words were spoken to.
e.g. “I won’t do it,” he said. ®He said (that) he wouldn’t do it.
“I won’t do it,” he said to me. ®He told me (that) he wouldn’t do it.
Tenses change in Reported Speech as follows:
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
| Present Indefinite “She plays the piano,” he said. | Past Indefinite He said (that) she played the piano. |
| Present Continuous “She is playing the piano,” he said. | Past Continuous He said (that) she was playing the piano. |
| Past Indefinite/Present Perfect “She played/has played the piano,” he said. | Past Perfect He said (that) she had played the piano. |
| Past Continuous/Present Perfect Continuous “She was playing/has been playing the piano,” he said. | Past Perfect Continuous He said (that) she had been playing the piano. |
| Future Indefinite “She’ll play the piano,” he said. | would + V He said (that) she would play the piano. |
| Future Continuous “She’ll be playing the piano,” he said. | would be + Ving He said (that) she would be playing the piano. |
Past Perfectand Past Perfect Continuousdo not change in Reported Speech.
!Tenses do not change in Reported Speech when
· the reporting verb (to say, to tell) is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect.
e.g. “I’ve always enjoyed going for long walks,” she says. ®She says that she’s always enjoyed going for long walks.
· the speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions
e.g. “February the 14th is Valentine’s Day,” he said. ® He said that February the 14th is Valentine’s Day.
· the reported sentence deals with the second / third type conditionals or wishes
e.g. “It’s time you went to bed,” Mother said to us. ®Mother told us that it was time we went to bed.
Personal and possessive pronouns are shifted or remain unchanged according to sense.
e.g. She says, “I work on the farm.” ® She says (that) she works on the farm.
!Don’t forget about the changes of the adverbial modifies of time
Direct SpeechReported Speech
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day,
the following day
yesterday the day before,
the previous day
next the following
last the previous
last year the year before
ago before
in two days two days later
EXERCISES
1.Translate into Ukrainian.
1.I knew that you were ill. 2.I knew that you had been ill. 3.We found that she left home at eight o’clock every morning. 4.We found that she had left home at eight o’clock that morning. 5.When he learnt that his son had received an excellent mark at school, he was very pleased. 6.We didn’t know where our friends went every evening. 7.She said that her best friend was a doctor. 8.I didn’t know that you had worked at the Hermitage.
2.Use the verb in the principal clause in the Past tense and make all the necessary changes.
A.1.She says she learns two foreign languages. 2.We know they live far from the centre of the town. 3.I believe he earns a lot of money. 4.I’m afraid they don’t know each other. 5.My friend says he works only three days a week.
B.1.We know she is talking to the dean. 2.He thinks his parents are sleeping. 3.They say it’s raining hard in their district. 4.Mother believes Tom is doing his homework. 5.I suppose they are going to spend their holidays in Egypt.
C.1.She says she has known the Smith for a long time. 2.Jane tells me she has had her lunch already. 3.I don’t know who has brought the telegram. 4.Kate says she has been to Britain several times. 5.They announce that the plane has landed.
D.1.They say they received the letter yesterday. 2.She writes they moved into the new flat a month ago. 3.Mother says Jack returned an hour ago. 4.He tells us her husband met with an accident a few days ago. 5.I know you didn’t visit Bath when you were in England.
E.1.I suppose my friend will come to the party. 2.The weather forecast says the weather will change for the better next week. 3.I’m sure our team will win the game. 4.We hope the film will be interesting. 5.She says she will cook the dinner herself.
F.1.George says he will be watching TV at home. 2. We know they’ll be waiting for us at the entrance to the theatre. 3.I suppose Julia will be wearing her new dress tomorrow. 4.He doesn’t know what he’ll be doing tonight. 5.I think they’ll be quarrelling again.
G.1.The teacher says her students will have finished the test by 11 o’clock. 2.I’m sure she will help you if you ask. 3.We know we won’t go to the country if it rains. 4.I know I can do it without anybody’s help. 5.The weather forecast says the weather may change.
3.Yesterday you met a friend of yours. Charlie told you a lot of things. Here are some of the things he said to you.
1.I’m going to live in Canada.
2.My father is in the hospital.
3.Nora and Jim are getting married next month.
4.I haven’t seen Bill for a while.
5.I’ve been playing tennis a lot recently.
6.Margaret has had a baby.
7.I don’t know what Fred is doing.
8.I hardly ever go out these days.
9.You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London.
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.
1.Charlie said that he was thinking of going to live in Canada.
2.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.Write the following sentences in the past.
1.My uncle says he has just come back from the Caucasus. 2.He says it did him a lot of good. 3.He says he feels better now. 4.He says his wife and he spent most of their time on the beach. 5.He says he has a good camera. 6.He says he took many photographs while travelling in the Caucasus. 7.He says he will come to us next Sunday.
5.Complete these sentences with said, toldortalked.
M O D E L: Tom saidthat he didn’t like Brian.
1.Jack … me that he was enjoying his new job.
2.Tom … it was a nice restaurant but I didn’t like it.
3.The doctor … that I would have to rest for at least a week.
4.Mrs. Taylor … us she wouldn’t be able to come to the next meeting.
5.Ann … Tom that she was going away.
6.George couldn’t help me. He … to ask Jack.
7.At the meeting the chairman … about the problems facing the company.
8.Jill … us all about her holiday in the Crimea.
6.Choose the proper adverb or the adverbial phrase.
1.Mr Brown said the manager would be back in London (tomorrow, the following day). 2.He says he enjoyed the film (yesterday, the previous day). 3.The secretary told Mr Black that Mr Brown had called him up (two hours ago, two hours before). 4.The secretary said Mr Brown was engaged (now, then). 5.Mary says she will book tickets for the cinema (tomorrow, the next day). 6.The journalist said that Bondarev’s new novel would be out (next month, the following month). 7.He said that he had finished his new collection of stories (last month, the previous month).
7.Choose the proper tense-form of the verb.
1.He said the novel (is, was) very interesting. 2.Mary said the weather forecast for the next day (is, was) bad. 3.He told her that many of the students (will go, would go), to the football ground the next day. 4.The boys say they always (have supported, had supported) Spartak. 5.Peter said he (will attend, would attend) the music Festival if it (takes place, took place) the following June. 6.Miss Hornby says that there (is, was) a message for Mr Brown. 7.He said he (will finish, would finish) his new collection of poems the following May. 8.He said he (is staying, was staying) at the “Ritz” Hotel. 9.They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 10.He asked me where I (study, studied). 11.I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 12.He said he (worked, had worked) at school two years ago. 13.Victor said he (is, was) very busy. 14.He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 15.I want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday.
8.Use Reported Speech.
1.Tom said, “I’m leaving for France in a few days.” 2.Kate said, “I have never been to Brazil. I want to visit it this summer.” 3.Mother thought, “We’ll have to buy a lot of things for Helen when she goes to school next September.” 4.Father complained, “I haven’t had a real holiday for the last five years or so.” 5.We said, “We hope he will pass his exams successfully if nothing happens.” 6.She announced, “We are engaged and going to be married as soon as Harris buys a house.” 7.The guide said, “By the end of your stay here you’ll have seen all the sights of the town.” 8.Ann said, “I have been working hard the whole day and I’m very tired.” 9.She said, “We became friends when we left college.” 10.He said, “She was seventeen and I was twenty-seven when we first met.”
9.Express the opposite of what is said in the sentences:
M O D E L: It is very far from here. – I thought you said it wasn’t far.
1.They have returned from Canada. 2.English is very easy. 3.Bill and Kate are going to get married in May. 4.I want to be famous. 5.This idea will work. 6.His parents are going to be here next month. 7.We enjoyed the game. 8.I’m going to wear this dress at the party. 9.It will be very noisy when the new road is built. 10.I’ve got a lot of things to do today.
10.a)Read the following pairs of sentences. What has changed? Why do some tenses remain the same?
1.a) “The Earth goes round the sun,” he said.
b) He said the Earth goes round the sun.
2.a) “I wish she were here,” he said.
b) He said he wished she were there.
3.a) “My job is stressful,” she says.
b) She says her job is stressful.
4.a) “The phone rang while I was cooking lunch,” he said.
b) He said the phone had rung/rang while he was cooking lunch.
b)Rewrite in reported speech.
1.”If I were you, I’d apologise,” he said. 2.”The moon is flat,” he said. 3.”Water boils at 100°C,” he said. 4.”He is rather boring,” she says. 5.”As we were walking down the street, someone stopped in front of us,” he said. 6.”February the 14th is Valentine’s Day,” he said.
11.Translate into English.
1.Ìè â÷îðà ä³çíàëèñü, ùî âîíà õâîðà. 2.ß çíàâ, ùî ìîÿ ñåñòðà âèâ÷ຠôðàíöóçüêó ìîâó, ³ äóìàâ, ùî âîíà ïî¿äå â Ïàðèæ. 3.Ìåí³ ñêàçàëè, ùî òè ìåí³ òåëåôîíóâàâ. 4.ß äóìàâ, ùî òè â Ìîñêâ³. 5.Â÷åíèé áóâ âïåâíåíèé, ùî çíàéäå ð³øåííÿ ïðîáëåìè. 6.ß çíàâ, ùî òè ïðè¿õàâ ç Êèºâà, ³ äóìàâ, ùî òè â³äâ³äàºø ìåíå. 7.Ìè ñïîä³âàëèñÿ, ùî ïî¿äåìî â Ëîíäîí. 8.Ìè ïîáà÷èëè, ùî ä³òè ãðàþòüñÿ â ï³ñêó. 9.Ìîÿ äâîþð³äíà ñåñòðà ñêàçàëà, ùî ëþáèòü îïåðó ³ áóäå ðàäà ç íàìè ï³òè â òåàòð, õî÷à âæå äâ³÷³ ñëóõàëà öþ îïåðó.
TOPIC