1.Remember the following words and word combinations:
| to reorient decree to incur losses profit allotment ownership hired labour wage workers property battery farm | ïåðåîð³ºíòóâàòè óêàç íåñòè çáèòêè ïðèáóòîê ÷àñòèíà, ïàé âëàñí³ñòü íàéìàíà ïðàöÿ íàéìàí³ ðîá³òíèêè âëàñí³ñòü ³íêóáàòîðíà ôåðìà |
2.Read and translate the text paying attention to the active words and word combinations.
AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE
Due to favourable climatic conditions Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural area. It grows wheat, maize, buckwheat and other corn, different kinds of fruit and vegetables. The great part of land here is used for cattle raising and dairy farming.
Our Ukrainian village is reoriented towards the market economy. Great changes have taken place in our agriculture. In December 1999 a new presidential decree was adopted to support agriculture. According to the State Statistics Committee 86 per cent of Ukraine’s collective farms incurred great losses and only 15 per cent of them posted profits. That’s why the decree called for reorganizing collective farms into private agricultural enterprises. The workers could use their allotments to organize private farms or agricultural cooperatives.
According to the form of ownership there are the following types of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine.
An individual enterprise is based on the private ownership and labour of its founder. The hired labour is not used here.
Family enterprise is based on the ownership and labour of the members of the family that live together. In agriculture the family enterprise functions in the form of farms.
Private enterprise is based on the ownership of one or more citizens of Ukraine and has the right to hire wage workers. Most of all such enterprises have been spread in the sphere of food processing and food production.
Collective enterprises are based on the ownership and labour of the collective of the enterprise. Economic companies are spread in Ukraine most of all. They include joint-stock companies, Ltd companies, companies with additional responsibility, full companies.
Combined enterprises are based on joining up (association) of property of different owners and organised with the help of foreign investments together with foreign companies.
Any agricultural enterprise can be described as an area of land with the buildings (farms) on it, which are used for keeping different kinds of livestock and poultry. The name of the farm depends on the class of livestock or poultry kept on it. There are different kinds of farms. For example:
A pig farm is a farm where a large number of piglets and sows are kept in huts or pens.
A cattle farm is a farm where a large number of cows and bulls are kept for milk and meat. Barnyards, paddocks and open pens provide places for animals to exercise and secure fresh air. Animals are fed from suitable racks preventing wasting the feed.
A battery farm is a farm where hens, chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese are kept in batteries.
Poultry farm is a farm where different kinds of poultry are kept in yards.
3.Answer the questions:
1.What is grown in our country?
2.What changes took place in the agriculture of Ukraine in 1999?
3.How can the agricultural enterprises be subdivided according to the form of ownership?
4.What agricultural enterprise has the right to hire wage workers?
5.What agricultural enterprise doesn’t use the hired labour?
6.What agricultural enterprises are organised with the help of foreign investments?
7.What kinds of farms do you know?
4.Match two parts to make true sentences.
| An individual enterprise … Family enterprise … Collective enterprise… Private enterprise … Combined enterprise … | … is based on the ownership and labour of the members of the family that live together. … is based on joining up (association) of property of different owners and organised with the help of foreign investments together with foreign companies. … is based on the ownership of one or more citizens of Ukraine and has the right to hire wage workers. … is based on the private ownership and labour of its founder. … is based on the ownership and labour of the collective of the enterprise. |
5.Speak about the types of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine.
READING
Text A. The Agrarian Policy in Ukraine.
1.Read and translate the following text.
According to the data of expert and analytical agencies the reform in agriculture is the essential condition of overcoming the crisis in the Ukrainian economy. Describing the situation we may say that today the agriculture of Ukraine and the national economy on the whole are in a lamentable condition. Virtually the present-day agricultural complex of Ukraine presents a rather depressing picture. There are a lot of high-flown words about building a controlled market economy but in fact we have no real agricultural reform. This is the corner stone, which determines the real progress in the sphere of agriculture. And this progress may be attained only under the presence of a deliberate legislative base and a sufficient amount of investments.
Following the principle of necessity of the drastic changes the Government and the Supreme Council took some measures in the frame work of improving the situation. Having combined the efforts they created and adopted a number of laws aimed to advantage the agriculture. Among them we can point out a new project of Landed code, Act of lease, the privatization of property in agrarian-industrial complex, Act of the priority of social development of village, Act of the single tax and debt restructuring in farm enterprises. Through these laws the peasants received the sound title to land and the right to dispose of products of their labour, besides the amount of tax was reduced due to the Act of the single tax. But despite the taken measures there is still a decline in the agrarian sector. It can be explained by the dominating role of collective land use. The experience of other countries – the former republics of the USSR – shows that the conditions for economic growth were created only in the countries with the individual land tenure system (Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia).
The experts consider that antirecession policy should include the admittance of free bargain and sale of agricultural land, the extension of the possibility of its lease and land lien. The creation of legal and administrative possibilities for those members of the collective farms who want a private land share and introduction of the temporary program of state support for the individual farmers are also very important.
2.Find in the text the equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:
ïëà÷åâíèé ñòàí, âèñîê³ ñëîâà, äîñÿãàòè, âèâàæåíèé, äîñòàòíÿ ê³ëüê³ñòü, ðàäèêàëüí³ çì³íè, â ðàìêàõ, Çàêîí ïðî îðåíäó, ºäèíèé ïîäàòîê, ðåñòðóêòóðèçàö³ÿ áîðã³â, çàêîííå ïðàâî, ñèñòåìà ³íäèâ³äóàëüíî¿ âëàñíîñò³ íà çåìëþ, äîãîâ³ð ïðî êóï³âëþ-ïðîäàæ, îðåíäà, çàñòàâà.
Text B. Ownership and Management in the British Agriculture
1.Read and translate with the help of dictionary.
Agriculture occupies 77 per cent of Britain’s land area, which is farmed under many different arrangements. Around 66 per cent is owner occupied and about a third is rented. However, within the regions there are some significant variations. In Northern Ireland, for example, virtually all farms are owner occupied and they also account for around 80 per cent of the area farmed in Wales.
Much of Britain is family farmed, sometimes running into several generations on the same land, which perpetuates a strong sense of tradition. In Wales, the country’s own language and culture bind rural communities even more strongly.
Institutions are also major landowners, among which the largest include the Crown (more than 101,000 hectares), the Church, the Ministry of Defence, and some pension funds and insurance companies which maintain a small agricultural portfolio among their property investments. Most of the land owned by these funds is tenanted.
The future of agricultural tenancies is under review in England and Wales. In the 1970s and 1980s, full agricultural tenancies entitled the tenant to three-generation succession, so that a farm would often be in the hands of the same tenant family for 100 years or more.
In 1984, the Agricultural Holdings Act cut this to one generation only, but landowners are still reluctant to release control of their farms so long.
There has been rapid increase in other types of less formal arrangements, allowing the owner to control of his land but have it farmed by someone else. They have enabled many individuals to increase the area they farm, and have also given rise to considerable opportunities for farming companies, which may farm thousands of hectares all over Britain and whose scale of operation enables low costs and a good return to the landowner.
It is estimated by land agents that informal arrangements could now account for around 10 per cent of farmed land in England and Wales. The reform of complex agricultural tenancy legislation will allow greater freedom for people who wish to negotiate their own arrangements for whatever period they wish, within a legal framework that gives some essential safeguards to each party.
In Northern Ireland, over 20 per cent of the agricultural area is subject to the well-established practice of letting land for periods of 11 months.
2.Render the text in English.
TALKING POINTS
1.Read, translate and act out the following dialogue.
- Hello, Max. Haven’t seen you for ages.
- Hi. Glad to see you, Stas. How’s business?
- Not bad. And what about you? What have you been doing since graduation from the University?
- Having got my diploma I came back to my native village and since that time I’ve been working at the agrarian enterprise as an economist.
- Is it a private one?
- No, it’s a collective enterprise reorganised from the former local collective farm.
- What does it specialise in?
- Our joint stock company specialises in growing grains and raising dairy cattle.
- How is it managed, I wonder?
- The enterprise is managed by the Board and the chairman. Day-to-day management is determined by a Directorate.
- What about the wages?
- Wages are paid regularly, farmers are directly dependent on how much they produce and how many shares they own.
2.Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner the ways which determine the real progress in the sphere of agriculture. (Use text A “Agrarian Policy of Ukraine”).