1. This is a specifying genitive denoting authorship.
2. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations
(a subjective genitive).
3. This is a specifying genitive denoting belonging/possession.
4. See. 3. In this case the noun in the possessive case is a regular
plural one, so it is followed only by an apostrophe and there
is no suffix “s”.
5,6. Generally only animate nouns are used in the possessive
case but some inanimate nouns can also be used in this way.
Here belong the nouns denoting cities, towns, countries, the
world etc. as well as all locative nouns (schools, cafes, shops
etc.). 7. This is a specifying genitive denoting personal or social
relations. Since Maria Callas’s surname ends in s it can have
both’ and ‘s in the genitive/possessive case, but whether there
is an ‘s or just the apostrophe the pronunciation of the ending
is [iz].
8. This is a specifying genitive denoting authorship. The
apostrophe plus s here is added not to a single noun but to the
end of a whole group of words.
9. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations.
Since this noun is a compound one the s is added to its final
component.
10. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations.
Since the noun is a regular plural one there is just the apostrophe.
11. This is a classifying/descriptive genitive.
12. This is a classifying genitive of measure/a classifying genitive
indicating time.
13. 14, 18. These are absolute genitives indicating personal
and social relations.
15. This is a group specifying genitive denoting personal relations.
Since ‘s comes at the end of the group of words and the
noun mother is singular it is clear that Ted and Linda are brother
and sister.
16. These are specifying genitives indicating authorship.
Since ‘s comes after both names and the noun “projects” is
plural it is clear that each of the siblings has their own project.
17. This is a classifying absolute genitive denoting a shop.
19. This is a double specifying genitive denoting subjective
relations.