Страдательный залог. (Passive Voice)
Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе ипричастия II (Participle П) смыслового глагола:
Present Indefinite: The letteris written.
Past Indefinite: The letterwas written.
Future Indefinite: The letterwill be written.
Present Continuous: The letteris being written.
Past Continuous: The letterwas being written.
Future Continuous: The letterwill be being written.
Present Perfect: The letterhas been written.
Past Perfect: The letterhad been written.
Future Perfect: The letterwill have been written.
Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета.
Сравните:I bought а book. —Я купил книгу.
The book was bought (by me). — Книга была куплена (мной).
Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся:
1. Глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:
The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.
2. Глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):
This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.
3. Неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:
English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.
4. Глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):
Pupils are taught at school by the teachers. Учеников учат в школе учителя.
Exercise1. Переведите и определите залог и время сказуемого:
1. Не left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him.
4. She studied many subjects. 5. The film was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next year. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has been already written by them.
9. He studies at our college. 10. You are working, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this office? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher.
16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 o'clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made by children. 22. Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. What are you doing here? 26. This work must be done at once.