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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (филиал)
Государственного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования
«Московский инженерно-физический институт (государственный университет»
(г. Лесной)
КАФЕДРА
ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
UNIT 1.
HISTORY OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING.
Text A. CHARLES BABBAGE.
(1792 – 1871)
The Englishman designed the first modern digital computer, but he never built it. He did build other useful devices, though, including a submarine.
Exercise 1. Choose the sentence according to the text.
a) Babbage built the first modern digital computer.
b) Babbage designed the first digital computer.
с) Babbage did not build any useful devices.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentence according to the text.
1. Babbage called the device designed by him…
a) analytical engine
b) modern computer
c) information machine
2. This Englishman lived in the…
a) 17th century
b) 18th century
c) 19th century
Exercise 3. Choose the sentence which doesn't correspond to the text.
a) Babbage invented a railroad signal system.
b) Babbage built a submarine.
c) He didn't love to work with math problems.
d) Babbage designed a forerunner of today's digital computers.
Exercise 1. Choose the sentence according to the text.
a) During the 1950's and 1960’s computers improved very little.
b) The videogame craze began in 1962.
c) Only big businesses, universities and the military had computers in the 60’s.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentence according to the text.
Two players sat in front of a TV screen and …
a) hit the ball with a point of light on the screen
b) hit the knobs on a cabinet
c) manipulate the ball with the help of inch-long "paddles".
Exercise 3. Choose the sentence which doesn't correspond to the text.
a) Bushnell created his first. Pong games with the help of the latest technology.
b) Bushnell loved to tinker with machines.
c) In 1972 Bushnell founded Atari Inc. in Sunny vale, Calif., to build Pong games.
d) He built his first Pong Games with his own two hands and a soldering iron.
Exercise 1. Complete the sentence according to the text.
1. Howard Aiken thought ...
a) there would never be enough work for computers.
b) that computers would be a part. of our future.
c) that people wouldn't do without computers in the nearest future
2. Howard Aiken was …
a) a good fortune-teller.
b) right as far as future application of computers was concerned.
Exercise 2. Chose the sentences which doesn't correspond to the text
a) Harvard University physicist H. Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer.
b) The first working digital binary computer used thousands of electrical switches.
c) Aiken's Mark was quicker than later computers with electronic components.
Exercise 3. Choose the proper answer to the question according to the text.
For what purpose was the Mark I used ?
a) The Mark I was used the U S Navy.
b) The Mark I was used to solve the complex equations in the Universities.
c) The Mark I was used for making electronic components.
Text D : STEVE WOZNIAK (BORN IN 1950)
AND
STEVEN JOBS (BORN IN 1955)
Working out of a garage, the young video game fanatics invented the Apple computer in 1976. The age of home computers was born.
One of Atari’s early employees was 19 -year-old Steven Jobs. He and a friend, Steve Wozniak, who worked for another computer company, both loved video games.
Jobs and Wozniak dreamed of a personal computer, one that could do more than play games. From this dream, Apple Computer Company started in family garage.
In 1977 Jobs and Wozniak sold their first Apple II, which launched the personal computer industry. By 1985 they had sold more than two million Apple II’s.
The Apple II was more than a toy. People could use it to write letters, keep financial records and teach their children. And, yes, they could play games on it.
The Apple II evolved into today's high- tech Macintosh computers. These computers popularized the use of the mouse, the hand-controlled device that moves the cursor on a computer display.
Text E: BILL GATES (BORN IN 1955)
He created the first software - the programs that help personal computers process different information. As founder of Microsoft Inc., he is now one of the richest men in America.
PC = personal computer
security system - система безопасности
Exercise 1. Choose the sentence which doesn't correspond to the text
a) Bill Gates was keen on computers.
b) Bill was captured with the ideas of developing computers.
c) Bill was not curious about computers.
Exercise 2. Arrange the sentences properly according to the text.
a) Gates and Alien developed a computer language.
b) As a boy Gates was bright and curious.
c) While a student at Harvard University Gates was obsessed with computers.
d) Gates went on to develop operating systems.
e) Most of the computers in the world use software invented by Bill Gates.
Exercise 3. Complete the sentence according to the text.
Software is.....
a) a computer language for the personal computer.
b) the way we work and even the way we are educated.
c) the set of programs that make computers perform tasks.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
UNIT 2.
COMPUTER EQUIPMENT.
Text A. Computers
Computer is an electronic device that can receive a program (a set of instructions) and then carry out this program by calculating numerical information.
The modern world of high technology is possible mainly due to the development of the computer. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing by means of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.
Exercise1. Read the text and answer the questions
Text C. HARDWARE
What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system.
Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
1) input hardware
2) processing hardware
3) storage hardware
4) output hardware.
Additional text.
Exercise 1. Natasha, an experienced computer user, has recently bought a CD-ROM drive unit. She enjoys using it. But she regularly nukes three mistakes. Read the safeguards in English, the girl's description of her work in the letter to her pen-friend in Russian and find these mistakes.
He так давно я купила замечательное восьмискоростное устройство для работы с компакт-дисками. Мне часто приходится работать с компьютером. Мой друг, который хорошо разбирается в компьютерах и знает английский язык, помог мне правильно
подсоединить его к компьютеру, строго следуя инструкциям. Он меня предупредил, что нужно строго следовать инструкции. Ему пришлось установить специальную розетку для устройства. Он рассказал мне, что нельзя ставить устройство и компьютер вблизи
источников тепла, и я это строго выполняю. Мне приходится очень много работать, и, чтобы снизить вредное излучение от монитора, я ставлю на компьютер кактусы. Кроме того, это создает уютную обстановку и удобно, так как их не надо часто поливать. Иногда для работы мне нужно много книг, журналов, справочников. Компьютер часто завален книгами. Мне не хватает места. Мне приходится ставить компьютер и все устройства на пол. Но это не страшно, так как на полу лежит толстый мягкий ковер. Я слежу за тем, чтобы шнур не попадал ни под какие предметы. Я знаю, что, если произойдут какие-то сбои в работе техники, лучше обратиться за помощью к профессионалу. Но пока все в порядке. И я получаю удовольствие от работы. Особенно, когда работаешь, и рядом стоит чашечка горячего крепкого кофе.
Text D. CD-ROM DRIVE UNIT E2850
Important Safeguards
1. Read Instructions - All the safety and operating instructions should be read before the product is operated.
2. Retain Instructions - The safety and operation instructions should be retained for future reference.
3. Heed Warnings - All warnings on the product and in the operating instructions should be adhered to.
4. Follow Instructions - All operating and use instructions should be followed.
5. Water and Moisture - The product should not be used near water, for example, near a bathtub, washbowl, kitchen sink, laundry tub, in a wet basement, or near a swimming pool, etc.
6. Carts and Stands - The product should be used only with a cart or stand that is recommended by the manufacturer.
A product and cart combination should be moved with care. Quick stops, excessive force, and uneven surfaces may cause the product and cart
combination to overturn.
7. Mounting - The product should be mounted into a computer or a product only as recommended by the manufacturer.
8. Ventilation - The product should be situated so that its location or position does not interfere with its proper ventilation. For example, the product should not be situated on a bed, sofa, rug, or similar surface that may block the ventilation openings; or, placed in a built-in installation, such as a bookcase or cabinet that may impede the flow of air through the ventilation openings.
9. Heat - The product should be situated away from heat sources such as radiators, heat resistors, stoves, or other appliances (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
10. Power Source - The product should be connected to a power supply only of the type described in the operating instructions or as marked on the product.
11. Power-Cord Protection - Power-supply cords should be routed so that they are not likely to be pinched by items placed upon or against them, paying particular attention to cords at plugs convenience socket and/or jacks, and the point where they exit from the product.
12. Cleaning - The product should be cleaned only as recommended by the manufacturer.
13. Object and Liquid Entry - Care should be taken so that objects donot enter and liquids are not spilled into the enclosure through openings.
14. Damage Requiring Service -which is NOT covered under warranty - The product should be serviced by qualified service personnel when:
a) The power supply cord or the jack/plug has been damaged; or
b) Objects have entered, or liquid has spilled into the product; or
c) The product has been exposed to rain; or
d) The product does not appear to operate normally or exhibits a marked change in performance; or
e) The product has been dropped, or the enclosure damaged.
15. Servicing - The user should not attempt to service the product beyond that described in the operating instructions. All other servicing should be referred to qualified service person
Модальный глагол would
Модальный глаголwould может иметь следующие значения:
1) Вежливая просьба.Would you help me? He поможете ли вы мне?
2) Повторяемость действия в прошлом. Не would often help me. Он, бывало, часто помогал мне.
3) Стойкое нежелание совершать какие-либо действия.Не wouldn't listen to me. Он никак не хотел слушать меня.
Модальный глагол need
Модальный глаголneed — «нужно, надо» употребляется, в основном, в отрицательных предложениях.You needn't do it now. Вам не нужно делать это сейчас.
UNIT 3.
MODERN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES.
Exercise 1.Read and translate the text.
GRAMMAR.
Свойства существительного у герундия
1. Герундий может определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже:
I insist on his (the inspector's) coming as soon as possible.
Я настаиваю на том, чтобы он (инспектор) приехал как можно скорее.
2. Перед герундием может стоять предлог:
On receiving a letter we shall immediately take action.
По получении письма мы немедленно примем меры.
UNIT 4.
THE INTERNET.
Text D. INTERNET ADDICTION
Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe withdrawal symptoms. His body often shook violently and uncontrollably, and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining room. The boy's addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling or food. His problem was 'Net obsession' - an over- dependency on the Internet.
An international group of psychologists has recently suggested that anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers and people with eating disorders.
Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen, from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably, his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered, but Russell's addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare- time interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his I school's basketball team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next weekend having a good time out with friends, he'll be spending it indoors surfing the Internet.
Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman, who runs an online support group, says 'People don't realise that being online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years.'
Read the text and answer the questions.
1. How did Leo respond to withdrawal from the Internet?
2. What do some psychologists compare Internet addicts to?
3. How is Russell a typical Internet addict?
4. What two things has he stopped doing?
5. What does Dr Hoffman predict?
Exercise 2. Discuss
1. Do you think that Internet addiction is possible?
2. How would you stop or prevent this kind of addiction?
GRAMMAR.
Инфинитив (The Infinitive).
Инфинитив, или неопределенная форма глагола, отвечая на вопрос что делать? или что сделать? Показателем инфинитива является частицаto. В английском языке существуют простаяи сложная формы инфинитива.
Indefinite | Active | Passive | Выражают действия, одновременныес действием глагола-сказуемого. |
to write | to be written | ||
Continuous | to be writing | — | |
Perfect | to have written | to have been written | Выражают действия,предшествующиедействию глагола-сказуемого, и переводятся прошедшимвременем. |
Perfect Continuous | to have been writing | — |
Exercise 1. Make Passive Infinitive from the following verbs and translate both forms.
Model: to read – to be read
читать – быть прочитанным
To install – to be installed
устанавливать – быть установленным
to increase, to find, to grow, to send, to consider, to carry out, to connect, to break, to build, to freeze, to cut, to purify, to fill
UNIT 5.
COMPUTERS IN OUR LIVE.
Furthermore
· Electronics is much simpler than life's chemistry and does not need liquid water
· Unlike animals, which rely on plants to turn sunlight into chemical energy, semiconductors (the material that computers are made from) can turn sunlight directly into electricity.
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the information from the text
a) The first calculating machine was invented …
b) Computers are being used very extensively because …
c) A modern computer can …
d) Computers are of great help …
e) Some day libraries …
f) A computer control can be of great help …
CONTENTS.
1. UNIT 1. __________________________________ p. 2
2. UNIT 2. __________________________________ p. 10
3. UNIT 3. __________________________________ p. 20
4. UNIT 4.___________________________________ p. 30
5. UNIT 5.___________________________________ p. 37
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