The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - раздел Иностранные языки, К30 Engineering The Future: пособие по английскому языку. /Н.Г. Качановская, Л.М. Морозова, О.А. Шалай. – Минск.: БНТУ, 2009. – 128 с The Ancient Greeks Were Probably The First To Make Up A List Of The Seven Won...
The ancient Greeks were probably the first to make up a list of the Seven Wonders—those marvelous structures that no traveler would want to miss. Through the ages, others added to or subtracted from the list, based on their opinions. Today, however, the following wonderworks are most often referred to as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
· The Pyramids, tombs for the Egyptian pharaohs, are the oldest and best preserved of all the ancient wonders. The three most famous pyramids were built at Giza ('gēzə) about 2600 B.c. The largest of the three, the Great Pyramid, stands about 450 feet (137 m) high. Its base occupies about 13 acres (5 hectares).
· The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built by King Nebuchadnezzar (nebjəkəd'nezə) who ruled Babylonia from 605 to 562 B.C. Babylon, the capital of Babylonia, was located near the city of Baghdad (bæg'dæd) in Iraq. The walls are in ruins today, but accounts describe beautiful gardens of flowers, fruit trees, and fountains. The gardens were laid out on brick terraces about 400 feet (120 m) square and 75 feet (23 m) above the ground.
· The Temple of Artemis (ɑːtɪmɪs) was built about 550 в.с. in the Greek city of Ephesus (efəsəs) on the west coast of what is now Turkey. Artemis was the Greek goddess of hunting. The temple was made entirely of white marble except for its tile-covered wooden roof. It was 377 feet (115 m) in length and 180 feet (55 m) in width. More than one hundred enormous stone columns, in a double row around the building, supported its huge roof.
· The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece, was perhaps the most famous statue of the ancient world. It was made in about 435 в.с. and dedicated to the king of the Greek gods. The statue was made of ivory, 40 feet (12 m) high, and showed Zeus sitting on a huge golden throne set with precious stones.
· A The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (halə'kärnəsəs) was located in what is now southwestern Turkey. It was a huge, white marble tomb for a king named Mausolus (môsô'ləs). Its size and gold decoration made it so famous that large tombs are called mausoleums even today.
· The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge bronzed statue that stood near the harbor of Rhodes, an island in the Aegean (i je' an) Sea. The statue honored the Greek god of the sun, Helios (hēlēäs). It stood about 120 feet (37 m) tail-about as high as our Statue of Liberty.
· The Lighthouse of Alexandria stood on the island of Pharos in the harbor of Alexandria, Egypt. The lighthouse rose from a stone platform in three sections: the bottom was square, the middle eight-sided, and the top circular. Light was provided by a bonfire burning continuously at the top of the tower.
· Except for the pyramids at Giza, none of the ancient wonders is standing today. They were destroyed by humans or nature. We can still play this game of listing wonders though, just as the Greeks did. What do you think the seven wonders of the modern world are?
Italy's green primary school
Rossiglione's school has been rebuilt from the ground up
The first thing you notice about the new primary school in Rossiglione, northern Italy, is the smell. Despite the fact that it is brand new, there is no eye-stinging stench from chemicals, glues and fresh paint. Instead it has a warm woody odour that is more afternoon walk than building site.
Set deep in the Ligurian hills, about 30 winding minutes from Genoa, Rossiglione is home to a project that the European Union hopes will provide a blueprint for future constructions.
Partly-funded by Brussels, partly by the local council, the sleepy village is home to one of Italy's first environmentally friendly schools.
Demonstrative
"It is a project that aims to illustrate how things can be done," explains Luciana Zuaro, an architect working on the project.
"People say that bio-architecture is either something for the rich or for private companies, but we need to get it out into the mainstream, the public sector."
"That way, it is no longer a product of privilege but something that benefits us all," said Ms Zuaro, kicking up a cloud of dust as she heads into the unfinished secondary school that is being built next door.
Despite her ready laugh and wild hair, Ms Zuaro is not an isolated player on the lunatic fringe of her industry.
The issue of environmental, or sustainable, building is moving through the UK construction industry "like a hurricane", according to Ed Badke, director for construction and the built environment at the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.
"You have a push-pull scenario," he explains. "The push comes from the government saying you have to do this. The pull comes from the consumers becoming more environmentally conscious."
Cheek by jowl
The changing construction landscape also plays its part.
With less land to build on, people are living closer together, increasing the need for better sound proofing, fewer emissions and greener living.
Britain has set out a target of cutting carbon emissions by 60% by 2050, and there is talk of requiring all new buildings to include some form renewable energy, such as solar panels.
"The issue is very much on the agenda," said Gary Clark, a project manager for Hopkins Architects in London.
"There has been a change of mindset as an industry and more architects are taking it seriously. The profession as a whole is fairly keen to push things along."
The total value of new construction projects in 2003 was £49.6bn (71bn euros; $91bn), according to RICS figures.
Sustainable building accounts for a small part of that total at present, but that is expected to increase with time.
"It's something that happens gradually," said RICS's Mr Badke. "But there is a definite trend from suppliers in the industry to respond to sustainability."
Driving force
In Rossiglione, Ms Zuaro is less keen to wait for change, ducking under scaffolding, checking finishes and asking workers for updates.
"What's interesting is the contrast between the building materials and the techniques that rely heavily on the past, but can be used today thanks to technological advances," she says.
Tiles are made from marble that has been ground down and baked hard; wires and circuit boxes are coated to cut emissions; blinds are incorporated into the double glazed doors and windows, and solar panels are used to generate electricity.
Windows are large to let in natural light, and even when they are closed, there is a current of air that helps the building and its inhabitants breathe.
Ms Zuaro is particularly pleased with the school's underfloor heating system.
There are none of the problems associated with maintaining and changing air conditioning filters - and in summer, the hot water is switched for cold, cooling the building.
An added bonus is that the system is fuelled by debris collected from the surrounding woods, cutting heating costs.
Too much?
The main complaint that has been levelled against "green building" is the extra costs that are involved.
Ms Zuaro estimates that the school in Rossiglione will cost between 15% and 20% more than a traditional building.
"If you want to do it on the cheap, then this isn't the method," she admits. "But it is about spending smart, rather than as little as possible.
Is Concrete Environmentally Friendly?
window.google_render_ad(); Concrete is in its raw essence a very green material. It is hewn from rock and the earth, ground into a fine powder, mixed with a few other raw components, the most important being water, and then mixed and allowed to set, wherever it is needed.
In its raw state concrete powder is environmentally friendly, as it is of the environment itself – a natural component. Here it is known as cement, before it hardens and becomes like stone. But it is in the industrial extraction of the materials, the mixing, and of course the application of concrete that is ceases to be both biodegradable and environmentally friendly.
Если Вам нужно дополнительный материал на эту тему, или Вы не нашли то, что искали, рекомендуем воспользоваться поиском по нашей базе работ:
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Что будем делать с полученным материалом:
Если этот материал оказался полезным ля Вас, Вы можете сохранить его на свою страничку в социальных сетях:
Sustainability
“Our work embraces infrastructure, architecture and product design.
We design by challenging – by asking the right questions.
We believe the quali
Sustainable Architecture Questions and Answers
1. Read some information about Kelly Hart – a green building professional. Then think of some questions you would like to ask him.
Kelly Ha
The beginnings.
The first of the three Olson houses, designed in the late 1960s, is on a steep, densely wooded cliff (near a beach where Olson played as a youth) overlooking south Puget Sound and, in the distance,
The Next Generation
The second house, built in 1992 in the suburb of Kirkland east of Seattle, bursts cheerfully from the landscape instead of hunkering into it. Yet the principle of prospect and refuge is at work her
The 1960s Revisited.
Yet the third house discussed here returns to many of the themes of the first – a “return to roots” brought about in not a small part by the client’s close collaboration in its design.
Lik
Keeping it Simple
The client would have none of it – no illusions, no architectural tricks. She wanted simplicity; the living room roof would be flat, its windows perceptible as such. The cross axis would be straigh
Follow-up
18. Look through some information about underground construction and answer the following questions:
1. Is it possible to build underground
Advantages of building underground
Houses can be built on steep surfaces and can maximize space in small areas by going below the ground. In addition the materials excavated in construction can be used in the buildin
Builder in Hell
A builder dies and reports to the pearly gates. St. Peter checks his dossier and says, "Ah sorry, you're in the wrong place." So the builder reports to the gates
Read the text and check your answers.
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources — such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat — which are renewable (naturally replenished).
In 2006, about 18% of g
Elements of passive solar design
Every passive solar building includes five distinct design elements (see diagram 1):
1. An aperture or collector — the large glass area through which sunlight enters the building.
Lighting and electrical appliances
To minimize the total primary energy consumption, low-energy lighting (such as compact fluorescent lamps), and high-efficiency electrical appliances are normally used.
Reading task C
1. Go over the vocabulary list. Consult a dictionary if you need.
assembly (n)
proprietor (n)
r
Building for the future
Houses without heating? Long considered only a subject for research projects, this idea has now become a practical reality. Zero-energy houses obtain electricity and heat from the sun free of ch
Read part two and answer the questions after it.
In conjunction with the local college and other businesses, Fritz is attempting to combine high-technology and ecology in an “intelligent house” in Rosenheim. The windows close when
Comprehension check
9. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
1. Hubert Fritz is a famous German economist.
Language focus
Match the words to their synonyms:
1) proprietor 6) breakthrough a) overlook f) support
2) estimate 7) squander b) stab
Language development
Fill in the gaps with the words below making all necessary changes to them:
a) to fulfill low-energy standards b) to lay off
Villa Girasole
The oldest rotating house we have found is Angelo Invernizzi's Villa Girasole (Villa Sunflower) near Verona, Italy. "The two storied and L shaped house rests on a circular base, which is over
Three men and a genie
A project manager, a superintendent, and a field engineer are in Ft. Lauderdale for a two-week period helping out on a project. About midweek they decide to walk up and do
The Cathedral Construction
There's this cathedral that's still being worked on, and the workers have rigged a "cage elevator" inside so they can get material up and down to the upper floor
Warming up
1. Work with a partner. Which of these people have you heard of? Why are they famous?
2. Read their quotations. Which do you agree with?
The History of Skyscrapers
The word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. The skyscraper, in name and social function, is a modern expression of the age-old symbol of the world cent
Sustainability
The skyscraper as a concept is a product of the industrialized age, made possible by cheap energy and raw materials. The amount of steel, concrete and glass needed to construct a skyscraper is vast
Buildings that Scrape the Sky
One of the wonders of the modern American city is that architectural marvel called the skyscraper. From New York to Miami from Chicago to Dallas, from Seattle to Los Angeles, these
Adding a Notch to the City Skyline
Commercial-residential complex in Manhattan steps down to nearby walk-ups
Introduction. The developers of a $545-million complex on
Read part III and answer the questions after it.
Demolition. A three-story brick building in a corner of the site was quickly demolished in two days. But when excavation of the rest of the 200 x 800-ft site began,
Read part IV and answer the questions after it
Bracing. Gary R. Steficek, SOM's project engineer for the commercial tower, adds that not all of the core bracing continues to the top of the building, either. Some
Read part V and answer the questions after it
Wind forces. Most skyscrapers have an impermeable envelope. This building project is unusual because both the arcade at grade level and the copper-clad roof are ope
Comprehension check
15. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:
1. The commercial-residential complex in Manhattan is
Language focus
Match the words to their synonyms:
1) walk-up 6) surround a) access f) tenement
2) design 7) adjacent b) beam g) reflec
Language development
Fill in the gaps with the words below making all necessary changes to them:
a) to fulfill low-energy standards b) to lay off
Questions Regarding Skyscrapers
The dictionary says (and I trust it’s no lie),
a SKYSCRAPER's a VERY TALL BUILDING. Why,
howtall, then, is VERY TALL? What rule to apply?
Would twenty-si
Working with Concrete
Concrete (as dry cement) is available in many dry forms and comes as a raw powder in many sizes – in small sacks for the home user, or in huge containers for builders, construction engineers, and m
Disposing of Concrete
In its final form, as waste, concrete is far from being either biodegradable or environmentally friendly. It generally has to be smashed up and removed in chunks. One of the benefits of working wit
Concrete facts
· Global cement production accounts for about 2 billion tonnes of CO2 every year – that’s 5%of all CO2 emissions
· Global cement production in 2007 =
The Bed ZED Project, London
The Bed ZED Project, or Beddington Zero Energy Development, is the UK's largest carbon-neutral eco-community in the UK. It was built in 2002 in Wallington, Surrey, Within the London Borough of Sutt
The Findhorn Foundation Eco-Village
On Scotland's north-east coast, near the town of Forres, is the Findhorn Foundation, an intentional community, based upon the values of spirituality and sustainable living. Part of its project is a
GKK Design Corporatist Frankfurt Skyscraper
Published on 27-05-2009 by Skyscrapernews.com
Approval has been given for a conservatively designed twin towers to be located in the heart of Frankfurt's skyscraper distric
Milan Convention Centre Offers Glacial Roof
Published on 27-05-2009 by Skyscrapernews.com
Plans are afoot in Milan to build what will be Europe's largest ever indoor convention centre, a building that will be draped
Artotel Eyes Up Shoreditch Hotel Site
Published on 26-05-2009 by Skyscrapernews.com
Scott Brownrigg has designed this futuristic glass clad hotel to stand in Hoxton, currently one of the trendiest areas of East
Skinny Tower Nears Completion In Paraguay
Published on 26-05-2009 by Skyscrapernews.com
Construction is currently underway on an insanely skinny skyscraper which will will be Paraguay's tallest residential tower wh
Хотите получать на электронную почту самые свежие новости?
Подпишитесь на Нашу рассылку
Наша политика приватности обеспечивает 100% безопасность и анонимность Ваших E-Mail
Новости и инфо для студентов