Заперечна частка not ставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова.
The letter is not written (every day).
The letter was not written (yesterday).
The letter willnot be written (tomorrow).
The letter isnot being written (now).
The letter wasnot being written (at 5 o’clock yesterday).
The letter hasnot been written (already).
The letter hadnot been written (by 5 o’clock yesterday).
The letter willnot have been written (by 5 o’clock tomorrow).
G Запам’ятайте! У пасивному стані лише допоміжне дієслово змінюється за часом.
Див. таблицю часових форм дієслів у пасивному стані в додатку 3 (Appendix III).
G Запам’ятайте прислів’я з Passive Voice!
| Marriages are made in heaven. The road to hell is paved with good intensions. |
Вправа 4. Заповніть пропуски дієсловом to be у потрібній формі та перекладіть речення.
1. Our laboratory ___ provided with all necessary equipment next year. 2. These modern houses ___ built last year. 3. My friend ___ asked at the lesson yesterday. 4. The old houses ___ reconstructed in our city now. 5. We ___ offered an interesting work tomorrow. 6. This novel ___ written by Charles Dickens. 7. When ___ Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute founded? 8. The newspapers ___ usually brought in the morning. 9. An interesting problem ___ discussed at the last lecture. 10. The academic year ___ divided in two terms. 11. The experiments ___ completed by the end of the week. 12. Metallic objects ___ attracted by a magnet.
Вправа 5. Змініть речення з активу в пасив, не змінюючи часової форми дієслова.
1. Bob mailed the package yesterday. – The package ___ by Bob yesterday. 2. Mr. Butler delivers mail. – Our mail ___ by Mr. Butler. 3. The children have eaten the cake. – The cake ___ by the children. 4. Linda is writing a letter at the moment. – A letter ___ by Linda at the moment. 5. The jeweler is going to fix my watch. – My watch ___ by the jeweler. 6. Ms. Bond will teach our class. – Our class ___ by Ms. Bond. 7. That company employs many people. – Many people ___ by that company. 8. The secretary is going to fax the letters. – The letters ___ by the secretary. 9. Microsoft Company has hired Sue. – Sue ___ by Microsoft Company. 10. Our university students took the exams last week. – The exams ___ by our university students last week. 11. Mr. Adams had done the work by Friday. – The work ___ by Mr. Adams by Friday. 12. Mrs. Fox is washing the windows now. – The windows ___ by Mrs. Fox now.
14.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 6. Перепишіть речення у пасивному стані.
1. The Earth attracts the Moon. 2. Shevchenko wrote “Kateryna”. 3. They will build the palace. 4. Students have translated the texts at home. 5. The teacher is examining the student at the moment. 6. The BBC was broadcasting the news from 8 till 8-30 p.m. 7. They had tested the device by 6 o’clock. 8. The antivirus programme will check all the files only by the evening.
Вправа 7. Розкрийте дужки та поставте дієслова у потрібній формі пасиву.
1. Those books (to return) to the library yesterday. 2. The patient (to take) to the hospital last week, and (to operate) on tomorrow morning. 3. This instrument (to check) two times a year. 4. Litter must not (to leave) here. 5. This newspaper (not to read) because the pages (not to cut). 6. Dictionaries may not (to use) at the examination. 7. Usually the experiments (to carry out) every day, but they (not to make) yesterday. 8. Thousands of new houses (to build) every year. 9. These methods often (to apply) in production.
Вправа 8. Складіть розповідь про освіту в Україні, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.
Lesson 15. Our Alma Mater
15.1. Розмовна тема. Наш університет
National Technical University “KhPI”
G Active Vocabulary:
respectively – відповідно; outstanding scientist – видатний вчений; to admit – приймати; Academic Council – вчена рада; employee – робітник; design – проектування; to contribute – робити внесок; to appoint – призначати; position – посада; to grant – надавати; recognition – визнання; contribution – внесок; development – розвиток; extramural department – заочне відділення; alumnus (pl. alumni) – випускник; thin film – тонка плівка; strength of materials – опір матеріалів.
The history of National Technical University “KhPI” goes back to the year of 1885. It is that year when Kharkiv Institute of Technology, or KhIT (the original name of our University), was founded. The KhIT was the first technical higher educational institution in the south of the Russian Empire. When the Institute was opened it had only two faculties: mechanical and chemical and 125 students (85 at the mechanical and 40 students at the chemical faculties respectively). The founder and the first director of our Institute was Professor V.L. Kirpichov, an outstanding scientist in the field of mechanics.
By the beginning of the 20th century the students’ body of the KhIT had already numbered 1,000 students and 250 students were admitted each year. A lot of outstanding scientists whose names are known all over the world worked in KhIT at that time. They were: A.M. Lyapunov, V.A. Steklov, N.N. Beketov, K.A. Zvorikin, N.D. Pilchikov and many others. The Institute also had close contacts with such great world known scientists as D.I. Mendeleyev and N.A. Zhukovsky who were elected Honorary Members of the Academic Council of our Institute in 1904 and in 1911 respectively.
In 1930 five independent higher educational institutions for mechanical engineering, electrical technology, chemical technology, engineering & construction and aviation were set up on the basis of five separate faculties of the institute.
During the years of the World War II over three thousand professors, students and employees of the institute joined the Army. Evacuated to the cities of Krasnoufimsk and Chirchiq, the institute not only continued training engineering staff, but also solved urgent scientific problems related to strengthening the defense of the country (such as contributing to the tank design work led by Alexander Morozov, one of the key experts in the development of T-34 tank).
In 1949 four higher educational establishments, namely the institutes for mechanical engineering, chemical technology, electrical technology and the institute of the cement industry reunited into the V.I. Lenin Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute. Professor Mikhail Semko was appointed its rector and stayed at this position for 30 years.
In April 1994 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine granted Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute the university status, so it was renamed to Kharkiv State Polytechnic University (KhSPU).
On the 11th of September 2000 (two thousand) our Institute was given the name of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”. The status of “National” is a recognition of our Institute contribution to the development of national higher education, science and economy.
NTU “KhPI” is one of the leading higher educational establishments of Ukraine. It is also one of the largest and oldest not only in our city but in our country as well. There are more than 20 departments training students for more than 90 specialities (at day-time and extramural departments). During its glorious history our Polytechnic has trained more than 130,000 specialists. Among them are such noted alumni and employees as Lev Landau, Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize winner (1962); Nikolay Beketov, Russian physical chemist; Mikhail Gurevich, Soviet aircraft designer; Anton Valter, Soviet nuclear physicist, one of the founders of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology and many others.
Scientific schools well-known all over Ukraine and the world are developed in the fields of physics of thin films, dynamics and strength of materials, cutting machinery, design and production of turbines etc.
Many University departments cooperate with foreign countries: Germany, Hungary, Austria, France and America in various fields of modern technology and business.
Вправа 1. Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. When was our university founded? 2. Who was the founder and the first director of our university? 3. What outstanding scientists worked at our university at the beginning of the 20th century? 4. When was our Institute given the name of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute”? 5. How many departments are there in NTU “KhPI”? 6. What scientific schools are developed in our university? 7. What foreign countries does our University cooperate with? 8. What famous alumni of NTU “KhPI” do you know?
Вправа 2. Доповніть діалоги, розіграйте їх у парах.
1. – I am going to be a/an ___ – Why? – For a number of reasons. – What reasons? – The main one is ___. – Where are you going to study? – I am going to study ___.
2.– Have you passed your exams? – Yes, it was not very difficult. – It is because you worked ___. – Well, it was all right in ___, but I did not do so well in ___. – And what about your ___? – Not so bad, ___.
15.2. Письмове завдання
Вправа 3. Поставте запитання до стверджувальних речень за темою «Наш університет».
1. The history of National Technical University “KhPI” goes back to the year of 1885. 2. A lot of outstanding scientists worked in the KhIT. 3. By the beginning of the 20th century the students’ body of the KhIT had already numbered 1,000 students. 4. The KhIT was the first technical higher educational institution in the south of Russian Empire. 5. Professor M.F. Semko was appointed the Rector of the Polytechnic Institute. 6. The Institute had close contacts with such great world known scientists as D.I. Mendeleyev and N.A. Zhukovsky.
Вправа 4. Заповніть пропуски у тексті (лист до друга з розповіддю про навчання в НТУ „ХПІ”).
September, ___, 20___.
My dear friend ___,
I want to tell you a few words about my university.
I am a first-year student of ___ University. My University is in ___ street / square next to the ___ Metro station / bus / tram stop. My University is / is not large. There are few / quite a few lecture halls, rooms for studies and laboratories there. Its research laboratories are / are not provided with the most up-to-date equipment. The scientists of our University carry out research in various fields such as ___. There are very many / some / no well-known scientists working at our University.
My major is ___. As a first-year student I am not doing any research yet but I am planning to take part in the research activities of our department next year / in a year / in the third year. I am going to graduate from the University in ___.
Now I live in a hostel quite near to / rather far away from the University. I share the room with first year / graduate students. They are quite / not really friendly. Along with studying I am also interested in ___. We have all the opportunities to train any kind of sports at our sports grounds and special facilities.
I would like to know about your student’s life and your educational establishment. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Love. Your friend ___.
15.3. Читання
Прочитайте текст зі словником.
What’s a Neutrino?
A neutrino, an elementary particle, whose existence was first suggested by physicist Wolfgang Pauli in 1930, is electrically neutral and can pass through ordinary substances intact, rarely interacting with other particles. Neutrinos are believed to have a very small mass or possibly no mass whatsoever.
Neutrinos are one of the fundamental particles which make up the universe. They are also one of the least understood. Neutrinos are similar to the more familiar electron, with one crucial difference: neutrinos do not carry electric charge. Because neutrinos are electrically neutral, they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces which act on electrons. Neutrinos are affected only by a “weak” sub-atomic force of much shorter range than electromagnetism, and are therefore able to pass through great distances in matter without being affected by it. If neutrinos have mass, they also interact gravitationally with other massive particles, but gravity is by far the weakest of the four known forces.
Three types of neutrinos are known; there is strong evidence that no additional neutrinos exist, unless their properties are unexpectedly very different from the known types. Each type of neutrino is related to a charged particle (which gives the corresponding neutrino its name). Hence, the “electron neutrino” is associated with the electron, and two other neutrinos are associated with heavier versions of the electron called the muon and the tau (elementary particles are frequently labelled with Greek letters, to confuse the layman).
Виберіть правильний варіант.
1. The existence of a neutrino was predicted by physicist ___.
a) Enrico Fermi b) Niels Bohr c) Wolfgang Pauli
2. Neutrinos are ___.
a) electrically neutral b) positively charged c) negatively charged
3. There are ___ types of neutrinos.
a) seven b) two c) three
4. It is considered that a neutrino has a very small ___.
a) mass b) energy c) size
☺ Smile !
– How many programmers does it take to change a light-bulb?
– None. It’s a hardware problem.
15.4. Граматика. Особливості вживання пасивного стану
Речення у пасивному стані в англійській мові вживаються значно частіше, ніж в українській. Підметом речення в пасивному стані може бути прямий, непрямий, а також прийменниковий додаток.
Реченню в активному стані з двома додатками відповідають 2 речення в пасивному стані, наприклад:
The teacher showed us the new book. – Wewere shown the new book.
The new book was shown to us.
При перетворенні в пасивний стан речення з прийменниковим додатком прийменник залишається на своєму місці – після дієслова:
Everybody were looking at him. – He was being looked at by everybody.
Вправа 5. Перепишіть речення в пасивному стані у 2-х варіантах.
1. They showed him the way to the station. 2. Mother told her the news when she returned home. 3. The company offers us the goods at low prices. 4. The chief has given the workers the detailed instructions. 5. They promised him immediate help. 6. The friends presented her a new smartphone. 7. You will send me all the necessary data. 8. They have given him 2 hours to make his decision. 9. We paid the lawyers $200 for their job. 10. He made her a proposition yesterday.
Вправа 6. Перепишіть речення у пасивному стані.
1. We use these clothes only on special occasions. 2. He published the book last year. 3. Somebody has opened the door and turned on the light. 4. They will answer you in some days. 5. Who wrote this novel? 6. They showed her the easiest way to do it. 7. We have looked for the wallet everywhere. 8. Nobody has visited him. 9. They will have finished the work by twelve. 10. The students are taking the exams now. 11. The nurse is looking after the children.
Вправа 7. Перекладіть речення. Визначте час та стан присудка у кожному реченні.
1. The Nobel Prize was awarded to British scientists for this outstanding discovery. 2. Lasers have been used by communication and building workers, drillers etc. They are also designed to help doctors and scientists in their research. 3. Experts believe that by the end of the decade lasers will have been used in more spheres. 4. When computers were designed they found wide application in industry. 5. Polypropylene resins are being used in films, tubes and hundreds of other industrial articles. 6. Polymers are machined much easier than wood, stone or metal, therefore so much attention is being paid to these man-made materials at present. 7. The construction of the road was being completed when the chief arrived.
15.6. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 8. Поставте присудок у реченнях в усі форми пасивного стану. Виберіть необхідний індикатор часу: always, often, in 2001, yesterday, at five o’clock tomorrow, in a week, today, by the end of the month, when I came in, by the time of our arrival, at the moment, during the break, just.
1. The articles are translated by Peter. 2. The devices are constructed by our engineers.
Вправа 9. Перепишіть речення у пасивнму станні в 2-х варіантах.
1. The scientists are explaining us the situation on the steel market. 2. He will prove them the possibility of using these materials. 3. The reporter showed the audience the charts and diagrams. 4. She gives me a nice example of creative work. 5. The parents have sent him some money.
Вправа 10. Складіть розповідь про свій вищий навчальний заклад з використанням активних слів та виразів.
Lesson 16. My Department
16.1. Розмовна тема. Мій факультет
Вправа 1. Доповніть текст даними про ваш факультет.
The department of ___ was founded in ___.
It trains specialists for ___ industry.
It closely cooperates with industrial enterprises such as ___.
Besides training specialists our department conducts research and scientific work.
Many well-known scientists such as ___ worked at our department.
At present time the department trains specialists in ___ specialities. These specialities are: ___.
Graduates of our department work at ___.
Прочитайте про різні факультети деяких університетів світу (див. Appendix I).
16.2. Письмове завдання
Вправа 2. Дайте відповіді на запитання про один з факультетів вашого ВНЗ.
1. When was the department founded? 2. What industry does it train specialists for? 3. What industrial enterprises does it cooperate with? 4. Who of well-known scientists worked at the department? 5. How many specialities are there at the department? 6. Where do graduates of the department work at?
16.3. Читання
Прочитайте текст зі словником.
What Does the Large Hadron Collider Do?
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is currently being installed in a 27-kilometer ring buried deep below the countryside on the outskirts of Geneva, Switzerland. It started its operation in 2007, and became the world’s most powerful particle accelerator. During the experiments, high-energy protons in two counter-rotating beams are smashed together in a search for signatures of supersymmetry, dark matter and the origins of mass.
The beams are made up of bunches containing billions of protons. Traveling at a whisker below the speed of light they are injected, accelerated, and kept circulating for hours, guided by thousands of powerful superconducting magnets.
The experiments’ detectors will watch carefully as the energy of colliding protons transforms into thousands of exotic particles. The detectors could see up to 600 million collision events per second, with the experiments trying to obtain the data for signs of extremely rare events such as the creation of the much-sought Higgs boson.
Виберіть правильний варіант.
1. The Large Hadron Collider is a powerful ___.
a) laser b) particle accelerator c) atomic power plant
2. The LHC is built in ___.
a) Switzerland b) France c) America
3. During the experiments, the beams of high energy ___ collide.
a) molecules b) protons c) electrons
4. The scientists try to observe the creation of ___.
a) Dirac’s positron b) Rutherford’s atom c) Higgs boson
16.4. Граматика. Особливості перекладу пасивних конструкцій
В англійській мові пасивний стан вживається частіше, ніж в українській. Існує декілька випадків, коли переклад присудка у пасивному стані становить певні труднощі.
1. Якщо у пасивному стані є носій дії (by somebody), то при перекладі можна вживати особову форму дієслова в активному стані:
The news is brougt by my sister.–Новину принесла моя сестра.
2. Якщо присудок у пасивній конструкції виражений дієсловом з прийменником, то підмет перекладають додатком з відповідним прийменником, а присудок – неозначено–особовою формою дієслова.
The doctor was sent for. – Послали за лікарем.
The child is being looked after. – За дитиною доглядають.
G Запам’ятайте дієслова з прийменником!
| to look for – шукати | to wait for – чекати |
| to look through – переглядати | to pay attention to – звертати увагу на |
| to work on – працювати над | to listen to – слухати |
| to refer to – посилатися на | to rely on – покладатися на |
3. Безособові конструкції перекладають наступним чином:
| It is known that ... – Відомо, що ... | It is expected that ... – Чекають, що ... |
| It is said that ... – Говорять, що ... | It should be mentioned that ... – Слід згадати, що ... |
Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення. Зверніть увагу на дієслова, які потребують після себе прийменника.
1. He was listened to with great attention. 2. The child was looked for everywhere. 3. The documents were sent for a week ago. 4. Her children will be taken care of. 5. She is always waited for. 6. Tsiolkovsky’s works are often referred to at present. 7. He doesn’t like to be laughed at. 8. The results of the last experiment were constantly referred to by the professor.
Вправа 4. Поставте дієслово в дужках у необхідному часі.
1. The inventor of the radio, Popov, (to bear) in 1859. 2. The work (to do) by students at the laboratory. 3. The mother (to tell) not to worry about her sick boy. 4. He (to examine) soon by the doctor. 5. The cat (to call) Pussy, but my little sister (to call) it Push. 6. Great progress (to make) in radio engineering since that time. 7. The first two-electrode valve (to make) in 1904. 8. Great progress (to achieve) in the field of electronics. 9. I (to give) a kitten last week.
Вправа 5. Розкрийте дужки та поставте дієслова у Passive Voice.
1. Soon he (to send) to a sanatorium. 2. The book (to discuss) at the next conference. 3. The composition must (to hand) in on Wednesday. 4. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech. 5. The article (to publish) last week, if I am not mistaken. 6. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 7. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago, so we are expecting it any moment. 8. The young man (to introduce) to me only a couple of hours ago, but it seems to me that I’ve known him for years.