G Active Vocabulary:
a fortress – фортеця; a manuscript – рукопис; contemporary – сучасний; armour – лати; twofold – подвійний; garrison – гарнізон; custody – зберігання.
The best London museums and art galleries are in the West End.
The British Museum in Russel Square comprises the National Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, the richest collection of prints and drawings and the National Library. It was founded in 1753 and opened to the public on the 15th of January, 1759. The Library of the British Museum is one of the largest collections of books and manuscripts in the world.
The National History Museum in Cromwell Road is the home of the national collections of animals and plants, and of minerals and rocks from which the Earth is built up. It has a twofold function: to increase man’s knowledge of the animal, plant and mineral Kingdom as an institution for scientific research, and to spread knowledge of natural history as widely as possible.
The Tower of London was once a fortress. Kings of England, when the battle turned against them, often found safety in the Tower. From Norman days the Tower had been a state prison; it had been a place of torture and execution. Continuously from the 11th century the Tower has held a military garrison. Arms and armour have always been stored there and today it contains the National Collection of them. Nowadays the Tower is a museum visited by tourists. As it was the strongest fortress in the land, the safe custody of the Crown jewels has been entrusted to it since the time of Henry III.
The National Gallery offers a wonderful variety of pictures. Everyone can find some kind of picture to enjoy. It was opened to the public in 1824 and in 1836 after series of troubles the collection of pictures of the National Gallery was established at Trafalgar Square.
The Tate Gallery from the very beginning was intended as a collection of contemporary British painting only. It became the national collection of British painting of all periods, and in addition – the national collection of modern foreign painting and of modern sculpture, both British and foreign.
The Science Museum exhibits machinery, scientific instruments and devices for research and educational purposes.
Вправа 2. Згадайте, в якому музеї знаходяться такі об’єкти:
1) the collection of the Crown jewels; 2) the collection of prints and drawings; 3) the collection of pictures; 4) the collection of books and manuscripts; 5) the collection of contemporary British painting; 6) the collection of animals, plants and minerals; 7) the collection of arms and armour; 8) the collection of machinery and scientific instruments.
20.4. Граматика. Модальні дієслова must, should, ought to, need та їхні еквіваленти на позначення необхідності, обов’язку, поради тощо
| MUST Обов’язок |
| You must respect your parents.Ви повинні поважати своїх батьків. You must not go there.Не можна ходити туди. Must I learn it by heart?Чи повинен я вивчити це напам’ять? |
| Припущення (мабуть, напевно) |
| It must be cold outside.Напевно, на вулиці холодно. |
| ТО HAVE TO (Еквівалент дієслова MUST) | |
| I have to go there. Мені треба туди йти. | I don’t have to go there. Мені не треба йти туди. |
| I had to go there. Мені довелось піти туди. | I didn’t have to go there. Мені не довелось йти туди. |
| I will have to go there. Мені доведеться піти туди. | I won’t have to go there. Мені не доведеться йти туди. |
| Do you have to go there?Вам треба йти туди? Did you have to go there?Вам довелось йти туди? Will you have to go there?Вам доведеться йти туди? |
| SHOULD, OUGHT TO Порада, рекомендація (слід, краще) |
| You ought to be more attentive.Вам слід бути більш уважними. You should water these plants.Вам слід полити ці рослини. |
| NEED? Needn’t Чи треба? Не треба |
| Need I learn this poem by heart? Мені треба вчити цей вірш напам’ять? You needn’t come so early.Вам не обов’язково приходити так рано. |
G Запам’ятайте прислів’я з модальними дієсловами!
| Everything must have a beginning. If two men ride on a horse, one must ride behind. Books and friends should be few but good. Those (people) who live in glass houses should not throw stones. Love is like the measles; we all have to go through it. (K. Jerome) |
Вправа 3. Складіть речення з модальними словами.
| I You He She We They | must mustn’t have (has) to should shouldn’t needn’t | stop talking stay away from high-voltage cables come so early at the University take care of these plants speak over the telephone at the lessons tell him everything work hard at your English be on time for the classes |
Вправа 4. Перекладіть рідною мовою.
1. According to the law of conservation of energy, the energy spent in starting the body must be equal to that derived from the body when it is stopped. 2. The wire used should have as large a cross-section аs possible when it is desirable to keep resistance аs low as possible. 3. We will have to work out an experiment in which we will be able to keep the particles in the plasma, that is deprive them of the possibility of transmitting the heat to the walls of the container. 4. You ought to stay longer: the most interesting things are still to come. 5. You needn’t shout, I can hear quite well. 6. One shouldn’t swap horses in midstream. 7. With his voice he ought to try out for radio. 8. You must check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.
Вправа 5. Вставте модальні дієслова must, have to, should, need.
1. He was sleeping heavily and didn’t hear the alarm clock. So to be in time for the train he ___ call a taxi. 2. If you want to drive a car you ___ get a driving license. 3. You ___ not be in a hurry. The train starts in an hour. 4. You ___ listen to the advice of your parents. 5. On Sundays I ___ not get up early. 6. The performance is great. You ___ go and see it. 7. My sister has got a job in Kiev, so she will ___ leave Kharkov soon.
20.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами can, may, must.
1. What ___ we see on this map? 2. ___ you speak Spanish? – No, unfortunately I ___. 3. At what time ___ you come to school? 4. Dear aunt, ___ we stay at your place for another week? We would like to see more sites of your beautiful city. 5. You ___ not smoke here. 6. ___ I take your book? – I am afraid not: I need it. 7. He ___ not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I ___ go. 9. They ___ not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You ___ read this text: it is easy enough.
Вправа 7. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова.
1. Усі повинні виконувати закони. 2. Вам не потрібно перекладати цей текст. 3. Він, напевно, все ще в бібліотеці. 4. Вам не слід їсти так багато цукерок. 5. Вам необхідно відправити лист негайно. 6. Вам не слід говорити йому про це. 7. Вам доведеться переписати контрольну. 8. Я поспішав, і мені довелось взяти таксі. 9. Потяг повинен прийти через п’ять хвилин. 10. Мені потрібні кольорові олівці.
Вправа 8. Заповніть пропуски у реченнях словами: is situated, commercial, places of interest, educational, a seaport.
1. There are very many famous ___ in London. 2. The capital of Great Britain is not only a large city but also ___. 3. One of the districts in London, the City, is a business and ___ centre of the country. 4. London ___ on the Thames. 5. London is also a large ___ and scientific centre of the country.
Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про Лондон з використанням активних слів та виразів.
Lesson 21. Education in Great Britain
21.1. Розмовна тема. Освіта у Великобританії
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Education in Great Britain has several stages. Three- and four-year-old children may start education in nursery schools and about 47% of underfives attend them. But this kind of education is voluntary. From 5 to 7 children go to infant school. At the age of 7 they move to junior school where they learn to write, to read, and to do mathematics. Boys and girls study at junior school for four years till they are 11. Then they enter the secondary school where they study up to 16. Education from 5 to 16 is compulsory.
There are two types of secondary schools in Great Britain: state schools, which are free of charge, and private schools, where parents pay fee for their children. They are called public schools and about 7% of students attend them. Most of public schools, like Eaton and Harrow, are single-sex boarding schools where students live during term-time.
The National Curriculum sets out in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16. Under the National Curriculum schoolchildren must study English, Mathematics, Science (the core subjects), Technology, a foreign language, PT (physical training), History, Geography, Art, and Music. But the schoolchildren may choose the set of subjects to study according to their preferences: it may be either Arts or Science.
At the age of 16 all schoolchildren take their GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) exams. After that the pupils have 4 main “roads” of their next life: they can leave the school, stay at school in so-called “sixth form”, move to a college as a full-time student, and combine part-time study with a job. Those who choose to stay on at school after GCSE usually study for two further years for Advanced level (A-level) exams in two or three subjects. When the pupils are 18 they can enter the university, Polytechnics or college of higher education.
Вправа 1. Дайте відповіді на запитання, які починаються фразою How do they call ... . Зразок: How do they call a person that studies at school? – A person that studies at school is called a pupil.
How do they call ...
1) the schools that parents pay for? 2) the schools that children go to up to 5 years old? 3) the schools where students live during a term? 4) the money that parents pay for the education of their children? 5) the exams that a pupil has to pass to enter a university? 6) a plan of studying?
1.2. Письмові завдання
Вправа 2. Знайдіть закінчення речень.
| 1. | Children’s education in England is normally divided into | a | Christmas – 2 weeks, Spring – 2 weeks, Summer – 6 weeks. |
| 2. | Most schools in England require children | b | by the local authority or the governing body of a school, or by the school itself for independent schools. |
| 3. | Full-time education is compulsory | c | General Certificate of Secondary Education exams. |
| 4. | 6 per cent of pupils attend | d | to wear a school uniform. |
| 5. | All government-run schools, state schools, follow | e | for all children aged between 5 and 16. |
| 6. | The school year runs | f | the same National Curriculum. |
| 7. | The dates for school terms and holidays are decided | g | leave school, others go onto technical college, whilst others continue at high school for two more years. |
| 8. | The main school holidays are: | h | in English and mathematics at the ages of 7, 11 and 14. |
| 9. | At the age of 16, students in England, Wales and Northern Ireland take | i | primary education (age 5 – 11) and secondary education (age 11 – 16). |
| 10. | After completing the GCSE, some students | j | which determine whether a student is eligible for university. |
| 11. | At 18, a student takes A-level exams in three or four subjects, | k | from September to July and is 39 weeks long. |
| 12. | All children in state schools are tested | l | independent fee paying schools or homeschooling. |
21.3. Читання
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