There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Birmingham. Oxford & Cambridge Universities date back from the 12th and 13th centuries. They are known all over the world and are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge, but both of them are completely independent.
Good A-level results in at least 2 subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews.
After three or four years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take Master’s Degree and then a Doctor’s Degree.
There are about 30 Polytechnics in Great Britain. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses (for working students).
Some school leavers at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.
There’s an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It has a correspondence system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier or who are interested in some particular subjects. The Open University is free of charge.
Вправа 3. Заповніть пропуски словами з тексту.
1. There are ___ universities in Britain. 2. Oxford University was founded in the ___ century. 3. Oxford & Cambridge Universities are often called collectively ___. 4. To enter a university it is necessary to have good results of ___ exams in at least ___ subjects. 5. You can receive the Degree of Bachelor after ___ years of study. 6. Some of higher educational institutions offer full-time and ___ courses (for working students). 7. The Open University has a ___ system and is particularly designed for adults who missed the opportunity to study earlier.
21.4. Граматика. Модальні дієсліва з Perfect Infinitive
| must (певно, можливо) | + Perfect Infinitive (have + Participle II) | Our engineer must have repaired this device. Певно, наш інженер вже відремонтував цей прилад. |
| may, might (можливо) | Не may have returned home already. Можливо, він вже повернувся додому. | |
| could, might (міг би) | They could have done it themselves. Вони могли б зробити це й самі. | |
| should (слід було) | You should have helped him. Вам слід було допомогти йому. | |
| needn’t (не треба було, можна було й не) | They needn’t have got up so early. Їм не треба було вставати так рано. (Їм можна було й не вставати так рано.) | |
| can’t (не може бути, що) | They can’t have finished this experiment. Не може бути, щоб вони закінчили цей експеримент. | |
| can (?) (невже) | Can he have done it himself? Невже він зробив це сам? |
Вправа 4. Перекладіть рідною мовою.
1. He must have translated that article yesterday. 2. They must have forgotten all about it. 3. The discussion must have been very interesting. It’s a pity I could not stay. 4. The students may have translated these articles last month. 5. They may have returned home already. 6. My friend may have left two days ago. 7. They could have taken their exam in English yesterday. 8. She could have arrived some days ago. 9. He might have left his book in some other place. 10. She might have come if you had asked her. 11. I should have done it before. 12. You should have translated those articles long ago. 13. You could have informed me in time. 14. A specially designed computer should have been used in the equipment of the meteo probe. 15. You might have known that to stop the flow of electricity you have to use a switch. 16. The article should have been translated long ago, where is the translation?
Вправа 5. Перефразуйте речення як показано у зразку: Perhaps he has forgotten the rule. – He may (must) have forgotten the rule.
1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he made his report last week. 3. Perhaps it was Helen who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5. Perhaps she had a very good English teacher. 6. Perhaps the device broke because of short circuit. 7. Probably a virus damaged our files. 8. Possibly they did not see us in the crowd. 9. Perhaps Robert used a dictionary. 10. Possibly Mary misunderstood you. 11. Perhaps Tom has already passed his exam.
21.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 6. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом.
1. Не може бути, щоб він сказав це. 2. Чому ви так рано пішли? Ви могли б залишитись довше. 3. Можливо, ви залишили вашу парасольку в магазині. 4. Певно, він не чув будильника. 5. Мабуть, я забув виключити світло в лабораторії. 6. Вам не слід було пити так багато вина. 7. Вчора було дуже холодно. Вам слід було вдягнути більш тепле пальто. 8. Невже він відмовився вам допомогти? 9. Вам можна було не приїжджати так рано. Поїзд вирушає тільки через годину.
Вправа 7. Прокоментуйте наступні дії, вживаючи модальні дієслова should, shouldn’t or needn’t. Examples:
1) A boy was impolite to a girl and did not apologize. – You should have apologized to the girl.
2) A pupil did all the exercises in writing, even those which were meant for oral practice. – You needn’t have done all the exercises in writing.
3) Your aunt is running a temperature. – You should consult the doctor.
What will you say to the person who:
1) bought bread which was not necessary?
2) was not present at the meeting?
3) sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary?
4) went out without his coat and caught cold?
5) apologized for asking you a question?
6) didn’t attend a very important lecture?
7) got up at six o’clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary?
read till two o’clock in the morning?
8) copied the whole text into his exercise-book?
9) watered the garden, and it is raining now?
10) hasn’t returned the books to the library?
11) crossed the street under the red light?
12) doesn’t cross the street when the lights are green?