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1. At the age of 16 all British pupils take ___ exams. 2. Some children under 5 attend ___ schools. 3. Universities choose their students after an ___. 4. Advanced scientific research may lead to a Doctor’s ___. 5. Some schools require students to wear ___. 6. The first degree a student gets at a University is a ___’s degree. 7. After graduation from a University you may continue education at post-___ courses. 8. Secondary education in Great Britain is ___. 9. Any person that studies is a ___. 10. One of the oldest universities in Great Britain is ___.
Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про систему освіти у Великій Британії з використанням активних слів та виразів.
Lesson 22. The United States of America
22.1. Розмовна тема. Сполучені Штати Америки
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The United States of America popularly called “The States”, “the USA”, “The Land of Liberty” is one of the most powerful countries in the world. Since 1492, when Columbus discovered America, people from every country of the world have come to make their homes in America. Besides, the USA is often called “a nation of immigrants” because the country was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants and their children.
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about 9.5 (nine and a half) million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia. The population of the country is more than 270 million.
The geography and the climate of the US is so varied that you can find there any landscape and weather. You can see enormous forests, snow-topped mountain peaks, gently rollingmeadows with many streams, sea cliffs, wide grass savannas and even deserts there. The country can be nominally divided into three areas: Eastern area is a highland, central area is a plain and Western area is mountains including the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleras and the Sierra Nevada.
There are five Great Lakes in the northern part of the USA. They are: Huron, Michigan, Superior, Ontario and Erie. The world-famous water-fall called Niagara Fall is situated there. There are a lot of rivers in the US. The Mississippi together with its tributary the Missouri is one of the longest rivers in the world.
The USA is among the greatest industrial nations. Large deposits of oil, coal, iron and other minerals are solid base for the development of American industry. The US produces about 25% of the world’s industrial products, agricultural goods, and services. The US is the world’s leader in many branches, e.g. biochemical and genetic engineering, aerospace research, communications, computer and information services, and similar high-tech fields. The USA is also the world’s leading agricultural nation, which not only feeds her own people but exports the products abroad.
Washington, the capital of the USA, is situated in the District of Columbia (DC), named after Columbus, the discoverer of America. The city is named in honour of the first President George Washington who selected the location for the capital. Washington has been the capital of the USA since 1800.
The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is the capital of the US – Washington, DC. This district is a piece of land which doesn’t belong to any state. According to the US Constitution the power in the country is divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The seat of the Congress is the Capitol. The US President is chosen by electors from each state and holds office for 4 years. Nowadays the President may be elected for two terms only. The President must be a U.S. citizen by birth, resident in the country for 14 years, and at least 35 years old. The presidential election is held every fourth year (leap year) on the first Tuesday in November. The official residence of the US President is the White House, where he works in the Oval Office.
The national banner of the United States of America, commonly known as “The Stars and Stripes” or “Old Glory”, is a flag bearing 50 stars and 13 stripes. Each star represents a present-day state and each stripe stands for one of the 13 original colonies. The national symbol of the US is the eagle.
Виберіть правильний варіант.
1. The discoverer of America was (Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Captain John Smith). 2. In the west the USA is washed by (the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean). 3. The US is the (fourth largest, smallest, largest) country in the world. 4. In the south the US borders on (Canada, Russia, Mexico). 5. The Great Lakes are situated in the (eastern, northern, western) part of the country. 6. The capital of the USA is (San Francisco, New York, Washington). 7. The American President is elected for (4, 5, 15) years. 8. The seat of the Congress is (the White House, the Capitol, the Empire State building). 9. The presidential elections are held on (the first Tuesday in November, the first Sunday in January, the first of May). 10. The American flag is called (“The Union Jack”, “The Maple Leaf”, “The Stars and Stripes”).
22.2. Письмові завдання
Вправа 1. Заповніть пропуски словами: large cities, the greatest, mountains, borders on, rivers, subtropical, fifty states, situated, Federal district of Columbia, the largest city, washed by, very changeable, cities, cold weather, stands, the Appalachians, capital.
1. The United States of America is one of ___ countries in the world. 2. It is ___ on the North America continent and is ___ two oceans: the Pacific and the Atlantic. 3. The USA ___ only two countries – Canada and Mexico. 4. This great country has a lot of ___, rivers and lakes. 5. The main mountains are ___ and the Cordilleras. 6. The longest ___ are the Mississippi and its tributary, the Missouri. 7. The climate of the country is ___. 8. In the southern part the climate is ___ while the northern part has very ___ in winter. 9. America has ___ and one ____, where the capital of the USA is situated. 10. The ___ of the USA is Washington. 11. It is ___ on the Potomac river in the eastern part of the country. 12. The main ___ are located at the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. 13. New York, the ___ of the country, is situated on Manhattan Island. 14. Other ___ are San Francisco, Los Angeles, Detroit, Chicago, Phoenix and Dallas.
22.3. Читання
Прочитайте текст і дайте відповіді на запитання.
What Is the Big Deal about Quantum Theory?
Quantum theory is the theory that radiant energy is given off and absorbed in units, sort of like bullets from a gun, rather than a steady stream, like a water hose. It was originated by Max Planck, a German physicist, in 1900 through studies he made on radiant energy. Before his discovery, scientists thought that energy, like all other physical processes, was emitted and absorbed continuously. In 1905, Albert Einstein took it a step further and established quantum theory by showing that the energy of light is concentrated in particle-like quanta, rather than in a continuous wave. Today, physicists generally treat light as a wave in processes that involve its transmission, and as quanta, called photons, in processes involving emission or absorption. Quantum theory completely changed the study of physics and paved the way for discoveries about photo-electricity, photochemistry, and the structure and activities of atoms.
Виберіть правильний варіант.
1. Quantum theory deals with ___.
a) radiant energy b) nuclear energy c) kinetic energy
2. The author of this theory was ___.
a) Mark Twain b) Max Planck c) Pierre Curie
3. Photons are quanta of ___.
a) energy b) sound c) light
22.4. Граматика. Повторення модальних дієслів з перфектним інфінітивом
Вправа 2. Заповніть пропуски дієсловами might not або couldn’t.
1. Do you think she saw you? – No, she was too far away. She couldn’t have seen me. 2. I wonder why she didn’t say hello. Perhaps she didn’t notice me. – That’s possible. She ___. 3. I wonder why Ann didn’t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn’t invited. – Yes, it’s possible. She ___. 4. Tom loves parties. I’m sure he would have come to the party if he’d been invited. – I agree. He ___. 5. I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident? – No, the police say it ___. 6. How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident. – Well, the police aren’t sure. They say it ___.
Вправа 3. Заповніть пропуски дієсловами a) should; b) shouldn’t; c) must; d) mustn’t; e) needn’t.
1. You ___ think about the future and not about the past. 2. You ___ have a visa to travel to some countries. However, if you come from an EEC country and you want to travel to another one, you ___ worry about visas. You ___ even take your passport. 4. If you are travelling by air, you ___ carry anything in your luggage that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife or even a pair of scissors. 5. You ___ use your energy unless you have to. 6. Books ___ be returned on or before the date stamped below. 7. They look alike. They ___ be twins. 8. Do you know how it ___ be done? 9. You ___walk alone around the town late at night. 10. We ___ have taken a wrong map. 11. I think you ___ have told her you were sorry.
22.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 4. Перекладіть англійською, вживаючи модальні дієслова (can, can’t, may, must, needn’t, shouldn’t).
1. Вона, напевно, вдома зараз. 2. Вона, напевно, була на конференції вчора. 3. Можливо, ми прийдемо до вас завтра. 4. Можливо, вони приходили до нас вчора, але нас не було вдома. 5. Він, напевно, бачив цей пам’ятник, коли був в нашому місті минулого разу. 6. Вони, напевно, вже спиляли всі дерева. 7. Не може бути, що він знає номер мого телефону. 8. Не може бути, що він бачив цю картину. 9. Ти можеш піти туди ввечері, я не заперечую. 10. Ти зможеш дійти туди пішки: це зовсім близько. 11. Ти не можеш піти туди: ти не знаєш адреси. 12. Ти можеш не ходити туди: я можу їм подзвонити. 13. Ти не повинен ходити на збори: це не обов’язково. 14. Ти міг і не ходити туди вчора. 15. Тобі слід піти туди: вони тебе чекають. 16. Тобі слід було піти туди вчора. 17. Тобі не слід було ходити туди вчора.
Вправа 5. Доповніть речення відповідним прийменником.
1. The main land mass ___the United States ___ America lies ___ the central part ___ the North American continent. 2. The United States borders ___ Canada ___ the north. 3. The national government consists ___ executive, legislative, and judicial branches. 4. The American Constitution is based ___ the doctrine of the separation of powers. 5. Article I offers all legislative power ___ the Congress. 6. The Constitution was ratified ___ 1788. 7. The USA is rich ___ different mineral resources. 8. The temperature changes little ___ winter and summer there. 9. The US economy is based ___ the free enterprise system. 10. The American way ___ living has been reflected ___ the works ___ American writers such as J. London, M. Twain, Th. Dreiser, E. Hemingway and others.
Вправа 6. Складіть розповідь про Сполучені Штати Америки з використанням активних слів та виразів.
Lesson 23. Washington
23.1. Розмовна тема. Вашингтон
G Active Vocabulary:
separate – окремий; to be named in honor – бути названим на честь; to owe – завдячувати; except – окрім; scrap paper – макулатура; representative – представник; sky-scraper – хмарочос; hollow – пустий; to enjoy – милуватися чимось; to be surrounded – бути оточеним; cherry-trees – вишневі дерева; slave – раб; on the other bank – на іншому березі; cemetery – кладовище.
Washington, the capital of the United States of America, is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The district occupies the area of only ten square miles and does not belong to any separate state. It was named in honor of Columbus, the discoverer of America.
The capital owes much to the first President of the USA – George Washington. It was G. Washington, who chose the place for the District and laid in 1790 the cornerstone of the Capitol, where Congress sits.
Washington is not the largest city in the USA. It has a population of 900,000 people.
Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest among the buildings is the Capitol with its great House of Representatives and the Senate chamber. There are no sky-scrapers in Washington because no other building must be taller than the Capitol.
The White House is the President’s residence. All American presidents except George Washington (the White House was not yet built in his time) have lived in the White House. It was built in 1799. It is a two-storeyed white building.
Not far from the Capitol is the Washington Monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 meters high and is hollow inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a wonderful view of the whole city.
The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The memorial is surrounded by cherry-trees.
The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the 16th President of the US, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America.
On the other bank of the Potomac lies the Arlington National Cemetery where President Kennedy was buried. American soldiers and officers, who died in the World Wars I and II are buried there too.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. What city is the capital of the USA? 2. Where is Washington situated? 3. To which state does the city of Washington belong? 4. In whose honor is the district of Columbia named? 5. Who was the first President of the USA? 6. Who chose the place for the District? 7. Is Washington a large city? 8. What is the population of Washington? 9. Why are there no sky-scrapers in Washington? 10. Where is the President’s residence? 11. When was the White House built? 12. In whose memory was the Jefferson Memorial built? 13. Who is the author of the Declaration of Independence? 14. Which document gave freedom to Negro slaves in America? 15. Who was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery?
23.2. Письмові завдання
Прочитайте текст, знайдіть у словнику та випишіть підкреслені слова, виконайте завдання після тексту.