G Active Vocabulary:
prominent – видатний; distinctly – виразно; outlook – світогляд; clergy – духовенство; scope – масштаб; to diversify – урізноманітнювати; to command respect – викликати повагу; alumnus (pl. alumni) – колишній студент (випускник); campus – територія університету; to enroll – зараховувати; the Divinity School – факультет богослов’я; vigorous – потужний.
Harvard is more than a university – it’s a tradition. No other American institution of higher learning has such a prominent place in the nation’s history or imagination. Harvard, founded in 1636, is the oldest university in the United States (and the oldest corporation in the Americas). It is perhaps the only US university that is both closest to the British model of university education, yet distinctly American in identity and outlook. Harvard was founded as a small institution with the mission of educating Protestant clergy. It grew as the United States did, expanding in size and scope, and diversifying its student and teaching communities. Today a Harvard degree commands respect not only in the United States, but around the world – Harvard counts seven U.S. presidents among its alumni, and over 40 Nobel laureates among its current and former faculty.
Harvard is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a campus just across the Charles River from Boston. This is a highly urban setting that joins colonial-era buildings and landmarks with Massachusetts’ hi-tech industry. Harvard is a large university, with high-profile graduate and professional programs. Almost two-thirds of its approximately 19,500 students are enrolled in its professional and graduate schools (which include the world-famous Medical School, the Business School, the Law School, the John F. Kennedy School of Government, the Divinity School, the School of Public Health, and the Graduate School of Education). Connections made at Harvard often last a lifetime, with graduates becoming part of a vigorous network of over 270,000 alumni.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. When was Harvard founded? 2. What was Harvard’s initial mission? 3. How many US presidents graduated from Harvard? 4. Where is it located? 5. How many students are enrolled it its schools? 6. How long do the connections made at Harvard last?
☺ Smile !
A young man hired by a supermarket reported for his first day of work. The manager greeted him with a warm handshake and a smile, gave him a broom and said, “Your first job will be to sweep out the store.”
“But I’m a Harvard graduate,” the young man replied indignantly.
“Oh, I’m sorry. I didn’t know that,” said the manager. “Here, give me the broom and I’ll show you how.”
24.4. Граматика. Повторення Passive Voice, Modal Verbs
Вправа 3. Перепишіть речення так, щоб вони виражали можливість, використовуючи модальні дієслова may, might, must, can’t.
1. They say, it will snow today. 2. Tom will show me the photos tomorrow. 3. This pen is mine. 4. He doesn’t own Rolls Royce. 5. They haven’t met the Queen. 6. Shakespeare lived there. 7. They are visiting their parents. 8. He is working as a taxi driver. 9. They have come by train. 10. This question will be discussed later. 11. This letter has been sent by e-mail.
Вправа 4. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова can, may, might, could.
1. Можна задати вам особисте питання? 2. Ви можете зробити переклад за допомогою комп’ютера. 3. Він, можливо, знає мою адресу. 4. Він, можливо, поїде поїздом. 5. Можливо, він забув про нашу сьогоднішню зустріч. 6. Він вміє розмовляти японською. 7. Ви можете підняти цю коробку? 8. Він не міг знати всієї правди. 9. Не може бути, щоб вона забула вимкнути праску. 10. Він зможе перекласти цю статтю французькою. 11. Він умів читати у п’ять років. 12. Чи не могли б ви виключити світло?
Вправа 5. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну форму в Passive voice.
1. Several newspapers (to publish) in our city. 2. My flat still (to repair). 3. My flat (to repair) already. 4. The first electric light bulb (to make) in 1800 by Humphry Davy, an English scientist. 5. The question (to discuss) when I came in. 6. The streets (to clean) of snow before we woke up. 7. I hope that this book (to find) soon. 8. The article (to translate) by tomorrow. 9. He never (to listen to). 10. This book much (to speak about) at the moment. 11. The children will (to take care of).
24.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 6. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи модальні дієслова must, have to, should, need, be to.
1. Ви повинні запам’ятати це правило. 2. Лист необхідно відправити негайно. 3. Він, напевно, повернувся додому. 4. Вам слід відвідати лікаря. 5. Вам не слід так багато дивитись телевізор. 6. Вам не слід було їхати так швидко. 7. Йому не слід було так хвилюватись. 8. Нам прийшлось піти з вечірки. 9. Нам доведеться йти туди пішки. 10. Вам не потрібно виключати комп’ютер. 11. Вам не потрібно запам’ятовувати ці правила. 12. Ми повинні зустрітися через годину.
Вправа 7. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну форму в Passive Voice.
1. Don’t enter the room! A student (to examine) there. 2. After the accident he (to take) immediately home. 3. The letter (to type) by the typist when I came into the dean’s office. 4. I am sure that this work (to finish) by the end of the month. 5. New magazines just (to bring). 6. The exercises usually (to check) at the lessons. 8. The question which (to discuss) now is very important. 9. This bridge (to renovate) in 1970. 10. All the students (to examine) by 5 o’clock. 12. My mobile phone (to charge) already. 13. The letter (to post) as soon as we arrive to the office.
Вправа 8. Підберіть визначення до понять, що стосуються освіти у США.
| 1. | A yearbook | a | a student teaching other students of the same or similar age or grade level |
| 2. | A freshman | b | a school where students go to learn how to do a particular job |
| 3. | A sophomore | c | a school that gives advanced academic degrees, such as master's degrees and doctoral degrees |
| 4. | A peer tutor | d | a book that students get when they graduate from school (usually at high school or college). |
| 5. | A graduate school (grad school) | e | a type of public education institution; usually provides two-year college education at reasonable tuition fees |
| 6. | An undergraduate | f | a student in the second year |
| 7. | A trade school | g | a time by which some task must be completed (e.g. the time when students must turn in their homework) |
| 8. | A preparatory school | h | a degree a person gets from a university by finishing a doctorate program |
| 9. | A deadline | i | a student in the first year |
| 10. | The Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) | j | a test which measures people’s English language skills to see if they are good enough to take a course at university or graduate school in English-speaking countries |
| 11. | Community college | k | a school, especially one that is private, that prepares students for college |
| 12. | TOEFL | l | a student completing a first degree |
Вправа 9. Складіть розповідь про освіту в США з використанням активних слів та виразів.
☺ Time for Fun
· Teacher: Which one is closer, Sun or Australia?
Student: Sun.
Teacher: Why?
Student: We can see the sun all the time, but can’t see Australia.
· How many Harvard students does it take to change a lightbulb?
Only one: he holds the bulb and the world revolves around him.
· The graduate with a Science degree asks, “Why does it work?”
The graduate with an Engineering degree asks, “How does it work?”
The graduate with an Accounting degree asks, “How much will it cost?”
The graduate with a Philosophy degree asks, “Do you want fries with that?”
· Once some professors were called and asked to sit in an airplane. After they sat, they were informed that the plane is made by their students. All of them ran and got out of the plane except one. People asked him the reason. He said, “If it’s made by my students, it will not even start.”
Unit 5. Environmental Protection
G Active Vocabulary of the Unit:
environment, to protect, to cause, to increase, to reduce, to accumulate, to discharge, to emit, to eject, to release, to dump, to threat, to poison, poisonous, toxic, to avert, to pollute, pollution control facilities, pollutants, to contaminate, to damage, to disturb, to maintain balance of nature, to endanger, harmful, noxious, wastes, substance, acid rain, greenhouse effect, smog, global warming, holes in the ozone layer, suspended particles, artificial, exhaust gases (fumes), garbage, trash, litter, junk, purification system, sewage, hazard, soil erosion.
Lesson 25. Ecology
25.1. Розмовна тема. Екологія
Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть у словнику підкреслені слова.
For millennia man had to struggle against nature in order to survive and develop. However, as economy developed and the scientific and technological revolution increased, the correlation of forces between man and nature changed. As a result, economic achievements began to have an increasingly negative effect on nature, on the biosphere.
Road and factory construction and industrial development take away up to 7 million hectares of land every year. Forests disappear at a rate of some 20 hectares a minute. 76 animal species and several hundred plant species of the Earth became extinct in the last 60 years alone. Each year the world economy ejects into the atmosphere over 200 million of carbon monoxide, more than 50 million tons of diverse hydrocarbons, over 120 million tons of ash and nearly 150 million tons of sulphur dioxide. They fall back upon the Earth in the form of “acid rains”.
There are lots of ecological problems: pollution and impoverishment of the seas, oceans, rivers, underground waters; pollution and destruction of woods and agricultural grounds; pollution of the atmosphere; reduction of the protective ozone layer; dramatic changes of climate; rising of the ocean level; accumulation of deadly radioactive substances made by nuclear power stations; impoverishment of the vegetative and animal world; exhaustion of planet’s resources.
All these ecological problems are caused by disturbing the natural balance in the Earth’s ecosystem. Ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and homo sapiens (as a part of the world ecosystem) within a particular habitat. To study the ecosystem in relation to their environment is the aim of the science called ecology. Today most countries pay great attention to the environmental protection because our everyday life, our health and, in the end, the survival of the mankind depend on the solution of ecological problems facing the man.
Визначте, чи вірними є висловлювання.
1. All ecological problems are caused by solar activity. 2. Carbon monoxide is produced only by cars. 3. People are a part of ecosystem. 4. Ecology is a science studying insects. 5. Economic activity usually has a negative effect on nature.
25.2. Письмові завдання
Вправа 1. Складіть речення з частин, наведених у лівому та правому стовпчиках таблиці.
| A drought happens | when there aren’t enough trees |
| A famine happens | when there isn’t enough rain |
| A flood happens | when there is too much carbon dioxide |
| Trees fall down | when there is too much rain |
| The world produces less oxygen | when the wind is too strong |
| The atmosphere becomes warmer | when there is too much ultraviolet radiation |
| There is more skin cancer | when there isn’t enough food |
25.3. Читання
Прочитайте текст. Доповніть список необхідних заходів зі збереження довкілля.
People still do not have so much needed ecological conscience and do not see that they are only ones responsible for salvation of our planet. It is probably too painful to admit our own mistakes and try to fix them before it is too late. Some small steps have been already done but it will take much more these steps on global level in order to make the difference. If we realize the coming danger we should find solutions to all ecological problems to survive.
· We must change people’s attitude towards the environment.
· We should stop the pollution of air and water.
· We should save more energy and water and try to use other sources of energy (solar and tidal energy, the energy of the wind, subterranean hot waters, etc.).
· We must protect the ozone layer from the harmful industrial products.
· We should protect animals from extinction.
Вправа 2. Продовжіть речення, базуючись на інформації з тексту.
1. We must change people’s attitude ___. 2. We should protect animals ___. 3. We should use other sources of energy such as ___. 4. We must protect the ozone layer from ___. 5. We should solve our ecological problems before ___.
25.4. Граматика. Складне речення. Типи підрядних речень. Безсполучникові підрядні речення
25.4.1. Типи підрядних речень
Означальні. Вводиться словами who, whom, which, that, where, whose.
| I know the man who wrote this article. | Я знаю людину, яка написала цю статтю. |
| He is the writer whom we all know. | Він письменник, якого ми всі знаємо. |
| It is the article which everybody must read. | Це стаття, яку всі повинні прочитати. |
| You can easily find the newspaper where his article was printed. | Ви з легкістю можете знайти газету, в якій була надрукована його стаття. |
| You have to translate everything that is printed on page four. | Вам доведеться перекласти все, що надруковано на четвертій сторінці. |
| The professor whose textbook we use works at the chair of organic chemistry. | Професор, чий підручник ми використовуємо, працює на кафедрі органічної хімії. |
Додаткові. Вводяться зазвичай сполучником that.
| He says that his father is busy. | Він каже, що його батько зайнятий. |
| We see that you are busy. | Ми бачимо, що ви зайняті. |
Обставинні(часу, місця, причини, умови та ін.).
| When you come, we will finish our work. | Коли ти прийдеш, ми закінчимо нашу роботу. |
| She was standing where everybody could see her. | Вона стояла там, де всі могли її бачити. |
| She goes to the party because she is invited. | Вона йде на вечірку, тому що її запросили. |
| If you want, I can read my translation to you. | Якщо хочете, я можу вам прочитати свій переклад. |
G Запам’ятайте!У підрядних речення часу та умови не вживається майбутній час. Замість нього вживається теперішній час.
25.4.2. Безсполучникові підрядні речення
Додаткові підрядні речення.
Характеризуються відсутністю сполучника that.
| I do not think this work was so difficult. | Я не думаю, що ця робота була такою важкою. |
| I know you are right. | Я знаю, що ви праві. |
Означальні підрядні речення.
Характеризуються відсутністю слів who, whom, which, that.
| The letter he sent me was too long. | Лист, який він мені прислав, був надто довгим. |
| The work I am doing now is very important. | Робота, яку я зараз виконую, дуже важлива. |
У безсполучникових реченнях прийменник може стояти тільки після дієслова. Він виділяється наголосом.
| The man you were speaking to is our coach. | Чоловік, з яким ви розмовляли, наш тренер. |
| I want to buy the book you told me about. | Я хочу купити книжку, про яку ви мені говорили. |
Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на переклад підрядних речень.
1. He told me that he would come to see me the next day. 2. We think that she will help us. 3. Tom said that he was going to give up his job. 4. The girl who was injured in the accident is now in the hospital. 5. Nick works for the company which makes computers. 6. The police have caught the man who stole my friend’s car. 7. Do you know the three particles that make up an atom?
Вправа 4. Визначте тип підрядного речення та заповніть пропуски необхідними сполучниками: what, that, whose, why, which, when, who.
1. ___ he comes, call me at once. 2. The police have caught the criminal ___ robbed the bank last week. 3. You may rely upon ___ he says. 4. I think ___ he is in the library. 5. I will show you the picture ___ I finish it. 6. I cannot really understand the reason ___ he did it. 7. The building ___ you can see over there is very old. 8. This is the writer ___ books are always cited.
Вправа 5. Перекладіть англійською, використовуючи безсполучникові підрядні речення.
1. Готель, в якому ми зупинялись, знаходиться в центрі міста. 2. Я вважаю, що він – найкращий фахівець, який будь-коли працював у нашому інституті. 3. Експеримент показав, що ця речовина має унікальні властивості. 4. Маса атома залежить від кількості протонів та нейтронів, які він містить. 5. Проблема, яку ми будемо обговорювати, пов’язана з новими електронними пристроями. 6. Картина, на яку ви дивитесь, написана у 18 столітті.
25.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 6. Складіть по одному реченню англійською на кожний тип підрядного речення (п. 25.4.1).
Вправа 7. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на безсполучникові підрядні речення. Визначте місця, де могли б стояти слова which, that, whom.
1. The papers you must take away and burn are in these boxes. 2. I like the watch my father gave me. 3. I do not think the distance is very great. 4. He says we’ll find these stones later on. 5. I am afraid you will be ill. 6. Don’t you know water becomes ice if the temperature is below zero? 7. The girl you are looking at is a young scientist. 8. Where is the umbrella I gave you? 9. What is the name of the river we see in the distance? 10. At the exhibition I saw the picture you like so much.
Вправа 8. Перекладіть англійською.
1. Ми повернемось додому, коли стемніє. 2. Як тільки ви отримаєте відповідь, подзвоніть мені. 3. Історія, яку мені розповів Том, була дуже смішною. 4. В газеті, яку ви мені принесли, багато цікавого. 5. Я вважаю, що він хороший спортсмен.
Вправа 9. Дайте визначення екології, основних екологічних проблем та шляхів їх вирішення.
Lesson 26. Water Pollution
26.1. Усна тема. Забруднення води
Прочитайте текст і знайдіть підкреслені слова у словнику.
Fresh water is fundamental to the survival of humans and most other land-based life forms.
Ninety seven per cent of the earth’s water is the salt water of oceans and seas. Most of the remaining 3 per cent is in polar ice caps, glaciers, the atmosphere or underground and hard to reach. Only 0.4 per cent is available for use. However, growing population, increased economic activity and industrialization has resulted in an increased demand for fresh water and has caused a severe misuse of water resources and their increasing pollution.
Following are the main sources of water pollution.
· Oil spills from ships and super-tankers, and from off-shore oil drilling operations. Oil forms a thin layer on top of water. Animals and plants living in the water can’t breathe; the oil coats the feathers of water birds, and the fur of animals causing them to become sick or even to die.
· Fertilizers used by farmers. When fertilizers are washed into rivers and streams, the nitrates and phosphates cause excessive growth of water plants. It is harmful to the fish and other invertebrates that live in water because it makes it hard for them to breathe.
· Sewage and other organic pollutants. When leaves, grass and wastes from farm animals enter the water, they rot and use up the oxygen in the water. A lot of types of fish and other aquatic animals cannot survive. Such microscopic pollutants as bacteria and viruses cause sickness in people and in animals that drink or live in polluted water.
· Chemicals. Chemical pollution entering rivers and streams causes great destruction of water environment. The chemicals can come from factories, construction sites, mining operations, and from homes.
· Plastics. Floating plastic is ugly and harmful to the environment. It can choke animals that try to eat it and drown those that get tangled in it.
Дайте відповіді на запитання.
1. Why is fresh water so important? 2. How much fresh water available to people is there on the Earth? 3. How much salt water is there on our planet? 4. What are the main sources of water pollution? 5. To whom are oil spills mostly harmful? 6. What is caused by fertilizers washed into streams or lakes?
26.2. Письмові завдання
Вправа 1. Перекладіть письмово.