| He said that | he often went to the skating rink. |
| he had gone the skating rink the last week. | |
| he would go to the skating rink the next week. | |
| Він сказав, що | він часто ходить на каток. |
| він ходив на каток минулого тижня. | |
| він піде на каток наступного тижня. |
Вправа 2. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на узгодження часів.
1. Nobody expected that he would ever be able to do it. 2. It seemed that everything was quite all right. 3. He told them what had happened to him in Paris. 4. We knew that he was writing a new novel. 5. He declared that he would defend his rights. 6. She said that similar questions might be asked at the examinations. 7. We heard that she had become a champion. 8. He saw that the ship was leaving.
Вправа 3. Поставте дієслова у дужках у необхідній формі.
1. I knew that John currently (to work) at a new project. 2. Mike hoped that his friend (to help) him with his technical drawing. 3. We didn’t know the score, but we were sure their team (to lose) the game. 4. Yesterday Tom learned that his aunt (to be) ill for two months. 5. The children were afraid of making any noise because Mom (to sleep). 6. He said that he (to trust) me. 7. We were told that Andrew (to go) to enter that college. 8. My parents decided that we (to celebrate) my birthday on Saturday. 9. The student wasn’t able to do the translation because he (not / to know) some special terms. 10. Ann wasn’t informed that the lecture (to take place) the next Friday.
Вправа 4. Передайте речення непрямою мовою, починаючи їх словами у дужках.
1. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought) 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She dances better than anybody else. (I was told) 9. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his company. (I learnt) 10. She will come to stay with us. (My aunt wrote in her letter) 11. He is painting a new picture. (We heard) 12. His new picture will be a masterpiece. (We were sure) 13. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid) 14. My friend has never been to Washington. (I knew) 15. She never drinks milk. (I was told) 16. He is a very talented singer. (We were told) 17. They live a happy life. (We knew) 18. He does not know German at all. (I found out)
26.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 5. Передайте наступні речення у минулому часі.
1. Mother says Nick has just phoned from the Crimea. 2. He says he has spent the whole month at the sea-side. 3. Nick says his friend and he are spending most of their time on the beach. 4. Nick says he has visited a lot of beautiful places along the Black Sea coast. 5. He says he has made lots of pictures while travelling in the mountains. 6. Mother says Nick will tell us a lot of interesting stories that happened to him. 7. She says that last time she was to the Crimea many years ago. 8. She says she will go there next summer.
Вправа 6. Перекладіть англійською.
1. Він сказав, що любить проводити свою відпустку в Криму і збирається поїхати туди цього літа. 2. Аня була рада, що вся сім’я прийшла в аеропорт провести її перед вильотом у Лондон. 3. Він не мав певності, що йому треба їхати саме туди. 4. Я був засмучений, що всі квитки в театр опери та балету вже продані. 5. Студенти зраділи, що наступного року всі лекції будуть читати англійською. 6. Мені сказали, що незабаром цей фільм демонструватимуть на екранах кінотеатрів. 7. Він повідомив, що у нього нема ще ніякої інформації щодо результатів досліджень.
Вправа 7. Розкажіть про забруднення води, використовуючи активні слова та словосполучення.
Lesson 27. Air Pollution
27.1. Усна тема. Забруднення повітря
Прочитайте текст. Знайдіть у словнику та запам’ятайте підкреслені слова.
Air pollution has probably been with us since the very beginning of our existence on this planet, and even when man was not present.
Today, industrial activity is so great and fuel-powered transportation devices are so numerous that air pollution of human origin is starting to produce noticeable effects on a global scale. Carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by automobile engines arises from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons found in gasoline in which the fuel reacts with less oxygen than it is theoretically possible. It is estimated that as a result of human activity about 260 million tons of carbon monoxide are released into the Earth’s atmosphere every year. Automobile exhaust gases contain an average of 4–5 % CO. As to sulphur oxides, they have other bad effects in addition to those concerning human health. In high concentrations they are lethal to vegetation.
There exists one more ecological problem which is threatening the globe as a whole. The protective layer of ozone around our planet is under severe attack. In early 1980s researches first identified a yawning hole in the Antarctic where the ozone layer was the thinnest. Five years later it was reported that the hole had grown to an area the size of the United States. The fundamental importance of the ozone layer is that it acts as a filter intercepting most of the sun’s radiation including potentially harmful ultraviolet β-rays which can cause melanoma – skin cancer.
The cause of the appearance of the arctic hole is the growing industrial use of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-s). CFC is a propellent gas commonly used in aerosol sprays, air cooling systems in fridges and air conditioning. There is the need for an international agreement that would completely stop CFC production.
Визначте, чи правильними є висловлювання.
1. Industrial activity produces no effect on nature. 2. Automobile engines emit carbon monoxide. 3. Every year one ton of carbon monoxide is emitted into the atmosphere. 4. Sulphur oxides are harmful only to human health. 5. Scientists discovered the hole in ozone layer in 1917. 6. Now the ozone hole is the size of Moldova. 7. Ozone layer protects the Earth against the sun’s radiation. 8. Too much ultraviolet radiation can cause only good suntan. 9. The arctic hole appeared due to the use of CFC-s. 10. CFC-s are used in nuclear reactors.
27.2. Письмові завдання
Вправа 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово наступний текст.
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may pollute the air in big cities and small towns.
Some air pollutants are poisonous. Inhaling them can increase the chance you’ll have health problems. People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. Air pollution isn’t just outside – the air inside buildings can also be polluted and affect your health. Sources of indoor pollution include biological contaminants like mold and pollen, tobacco smoke, household products and pesticides, gases such as radon and carbon monoxide, materials used in the building such as asbestos, formaldehyde and lead.
Indoor air quality problems usually only cause discomfort, and most people feel better as soon as they eliminate the source of the pollution. However, some pollutants can cause diseases that show up much later, such as respiratory diseases or cancer. Making sure that your building is well-ventilated and eliminating pollutants can improve the quality of your indoor air.
27.3. Читання
Прочитайте діалог по ролях.
A: Can you tell me anything about smoggy cities?
B: I know that the smoggiest cities in the world are Teheran, Baghdad, Delhi, Calcutta, Athens and Madrid.
A: Really?! I didn’t know that. And what is the reason?
B: It’s the presence of great amount of sulphur dioxide and suspended particles in the air. Rain washes these harmful substances out of the air, and this creates “acid rain”.
A: And how does it differ from the usual rain? Is acid rain harmful?
B: Certainly. It pollutes water, damages crops, forests and buildings.
A: And what about people? Does it affect people’s health?
B: Of course, it does.
27.4. Граматика. Пряма та непряма мова
У непрямій мові обставинні слова змінюються:
| Пряма мова | Непряма мова |
| today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| ... ago | ... before |
| this (these) | that (those) |
| here | there |
| last year | the year before |
| next ... | the following ... |
Перетворення спонукальних речень в непрямій мові
| Keep quiet! Don’t make noise! | |
| He told (asked) me | to keep quiet and not to make noise. |
Перетворення стверджувальних речень з прямої в непряму мову
| I am an engineer. I work at a plant. In the evening I study English. | ||
| He said Не told me | that | he was an engineer and worked at a plant and added that he studied English in the evening. |
| I saw my friend yesterday. | ||
| He said He told me | that | he had seen his friend the day before. |
| We lived in Rome two years ago. My father worked there. | ||
| He said He told me | that | they had lived in Rome two years before and added that his father had worked there. |
| I will tell you about it tomorrow. | ||
| He said He told me | that | he would tell me about it the next day. |
Час підрядного речення не змінюється, якщо підрядне речення є висловлюванням, що не викликає заперечень. Наприклад, “The earth is round,” said the teacher. – The teacher said (that) the earth is round.
Past Continuous зазвичай не змінюється: “I was travelling to Brighton while she was flying to the USA,” he said. – He said he was travelling to Brighton while she was flying to the USA.
Модальні дієслова would, could, might, should, ought to не змінюються у непрямій мові: “He might visit us,” Mum said. – Mum said that he might visit us.
Вправа 2. Передайте непрямою мовою, використовуючи дієслова у дужках.
1. Close the door, please. (tell) – The teacher ___. 2. Will you hold these books for a moment, please? (ask) – The librarian ___. 3. Please don’t tell anyone about what happened. (ask) – Mike ___. 4. Keep silence! (tell). The teacher ___. 5. Could you give me a lift? (ask) – Jack ___. 6. Put on your hat and scarf at once! (tell) – Mother ___.