| He | is anything but | lazy. | Він далеко не ледащий. |
| It | pleasant. | Це зовсім не приємно. |
| On the one hand | З одного боку |
| On the other hand | З іншого боку |
І. Decide which of these statements are true and which are false.
1. Nanoparticles are very big. 2. Nanotechnology has a great potential. 3. There is no need to use nanotechnology in medicine. 4. Nanotechnology is a step to the industrial revolution.
ІІ. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the word nanos mean? 2. At what spheres of industry can you use nanotechnology? 3. Why is nanotechnology useful? 4. How do nanoparticles influence the cells?
Text 16. The Greenhouse Effect
Active Vocabulary:
| greenhouse | теплиця | wave-length | довжина хвилі |
| to trap | поглинати, вбирати | to impact | мати вплив |
| to radiate | випромінювати | surface | поверхня |
| to spread | поширювати | to blanket | заглушати |
| global warming | глобальне потепління | to escape | виходити |
| transparent | прозорий, відкритий | space | космос, простір |
| to income | надходити | level | рівень |
| to convert | перетворювати | average | середній |
The light from the sun comes in, and the greenhouse gases trap some of the heat radiated from the Earth. It’s an energy balance. The more heat that comes in or the more heat that is trapped, the higher the energy balance is. The bigger the ice fields, the lower the Earth’s energy balance.
A fundamental error is being spread that, because a global warming gas is transparent to a large amount of the incoming radiation from the sun, it cannot have much effect in terms of warming the planet. This is an error that ignores a real-world fact that incoming radiation is converted to longer wave-lengths as it impacts the atmosphere and the planetary surface. It is these longer wave-lengths that are then blanketed from escaping back into space. If it were not for this wave-length conversion (mechanism), the greenhouse gases (GHGs) would not be causing the rise in the level of the Earth’s energy balance.
The energy balance for the Earth is about 33° Centigrade higher than it would otherwise be if there was no greenhouse effect. The average temperature on Earth is about 16° Centigrade. Thus, it would be more like -17° Centigrade, if there were no greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and, therefore, no greenhouse effect. The best estimate is for climate sensitivity to be 3°С. Values substantially higher than 4.5° C cannot be excluded.