Vocabulary
interplay — âçàºìîä³ÿ; particularly evident — îñîáëèâî ïîì³òíî; to be considered — ðîçãëÿäàòèñÿ ÿê, ââàæàòè; province ['provins] — ñôåðà ä³ÿëüíîñò³, êîìïåòåíö³ÿ; state — ùî ìຠâ³äíîøåííÿ äî îêðåìîãî øòàòó (íà â³äì³íó â³ä ôåäåðàëüíîãî); local — ì³ñöåâèé, ëîêàëüíèé; federal — ôåäåðàëüíèé, çàãàëüíîäåðæàâíèé; to be involved — áóòè çàëó÷åíèì, áðàòè ó÷àñòü; grant — ãðàíò, äîòàö³ÿ, ñóáñèä³ÿ; purpose — ö³ëü, íàì³ð, çàäóì; to establish — çàñíîâóâàòè, çàêëàäàòè; land-grant colleges — êîëåäæ³, äëÿ çàñíóâàííÿ ÿêèõ äåðæàâà íàäàëà òåðèòîð³þ; additionally — äîäàòêîâî; to support — ï³äòðèìóâàòè; research grants — ãðàíòè íà ïðîâåäåííÿ íàóêîâî-äîñë³äíèõ ðîá³ò; to underwrite loans — íàäàâàòè ïîçè÷êè; parochial [ðə'rəυkjəl] — ïàðàô³ÿëüíèé; to bar — ïåðåøêîäæàòè; amendment — ïîïðàâêà; respecting smth — ùîäî ÷îãîñü; to be extended to smth — ùî ïîøèðþº ñâîþ ä³þ íà ùîñü; supplementary — äîäàòêîâèé; responsibility — â³äïîâ³äàëüí³ñòü; elementary — ïî÷àòêîâèé; primarily — âçàãàë³, ãîëîâíèì ÷èíîì; increasingly [in'kri:siŋli] — óñå á³ëüøå ³ á³ëüøå, á³ëüøîþ ì³ðîþ; to be affected by smth — ïåðåáóâàòè ï³ä âïëèâîì ÷îãîñü; to discontinue ['disksn'tmju:] — ïðèïèíèòè, ïðèçóïèíèòè; aid — äîïîìîãà, ï³äòðèìêà; racially integrated — ùî íå ðîçä³ëÿºòüñÿ çà ðàñîâîþ îçíàêîþ; to be responsive to —. ðåàãóâàòè íà ùîñü, ï³ääàâàòèñÿ âïëèâó; preschool — äîøê³ëüíèé; community — ãðîìàäà, ñï³âòîâàðèñòâî, îá'ºäíàííÿ; facilities — ìîæëèâîñò³, ñïðèÿòëèâ³ óìîâè;
The interplayof local, state and national programs and policies is particularly evident in the field of education. Historically, education has been considered the province of the state and local governments. Of the more than 3,000 colleges and universities, the academies of the armed services are among the few federal institutions. (The federal government also administers, among others, the College of the Virgin Islands.) For years, however, the federal government has been involved in education at all levels, beginning in 1862 with the grant of public lands to the states for the purpose of establishing colleges of agricultural and mechanical arts, called land-grant colleges. Additionally, the federal government supports school lunch programs, administers Indian education, makes research grants to universities, underwrites loans to college students, and finances education for veterans. Whether the government should also give assistance to private and parochial (religious) schools has been widely debated. The Supreme Court has ruled that direct assistance to parochial schools is barredby the First Amendment the Constitution, which states that «Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion», although this has not been extended to the use of textbooks and so-called supplementary educational centres.
Although responsibility for elementary education still rests primarily with local government, it is increasingly affected by state and national policies. The 1964 Civil Rights Act, for example, required federal agencies to discontinue financial aid to school districts that are not racially integrated.
Trends in education have been toward being more responsive to the needs of a complex society: preschool programs; classes in the community; summer and night schools; and increased facilities for exceptional children. Such programs, however, have been only partially successful.
Questions
1. Why are land-grant colleges called so?
2. When did the federal government start granting public lands to the states for the purpose of establishing colleges?
3. What are the federal, state, local governments responsible for?
4. What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act require federal agencies to do?
5. What are the trends in modern educational system?