Реферат Курсовая Конспект
Навчальний посібник з англійської мови для студентів І курсу - раздел Иностранные языки, Міністерство Освіти І Науки України Херсонський Державний Ун...
|
Міністерство освіти і науки України
Херсонський державний університет
Факультет дошкільної та початкової освіти
Кафедра іноземних мов
Навчальний посібник з англійської мови для студентів І курсу
Васильєва О.В.
Херсон - 2007
The English Alphabet:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Abbreviations
S – підмет
S1 – підмет головного речення
S2 – підмет підрядного речення
V – дієслово
V inf. – дієслово (інфінітив)
V2 – дієслово в другій формі
V3 –дієслово в третій формі
V ing. – дієслово в четвертій формі
N – іменник
sing. – однина
pl. – множина
Вступ
Сьогодні англійською мовою розмовляють понад 350 мільйонів людей. Географічно це найпоширеніша мова в світі, адже 44 країни визнають англійську мову як офіційну: Великобританія, США, Австралія, Нова Зеландія, Канада, Південно-Африканська Республіка та ін.
Англійська мова належить до германської групи індоєвропейських мов. Вона формувалась протягом багатьох століть на острові Великобританія в умовах різноманітних переміщень певних етнічних груп (кельтські племена, англи, сакси, юти, нормани та ін.).
Тривалі безпосередні контакти з різними мовами завойовників, торгівельні зв’язки, колонізаторська активність англійців значною мірою сприяли тому, що поряд з міцним та стійким ядром англійських слів у словниковому складі з’явилась велика кількість запозичень з латинської, грецької, датської, французької, італійської, іспанської, російської мов. Значне поширення англійської мови почалось у 17 столітті разом з переселеннями перших емігрантів до Північної Америки. Зріст населення США та еміграція 19 та 20 століть створювали сприятливі умови для становлення англійської мови як всесвітньої.
Людей, які володіють англійською умовно можна поділити на 3 групи: 1- ті, для кого вона є рідною; 2- люди, які вивчили мову в умовах білінгвізму; 3- особи, які оволоділи англійською з практичною метою. Сьогодні кожна сьома людина планети належить до однієї з 3 груп.
У сучасному світі англійська мова є мовою прогресивної науки, нових технологій, торгівлі, культурних відносин, бізнесу. Це мова світової авіації шоу-бізнесу та спорту. 75 % світової пошти надсилається англійською мовою.
Мільйони людей вивчають її як іноземну, адже це є абсолютною необхідністю для кожної освіченої людини, для кожного спеціаліста своєї галузі.
Фонетичні особливості
Звукова будова англійської мови значною мірою відрізняється від російської та української. Існують звуки, що відсутні в українській мові, наприклад, [w], [æ], [θ], [η] та ін. Є звуки, що схожі зі звуками рідної мови, але мають специфічні особливості вимови - [t], [d], [l]. Певна група звуків мають значні відповідності в обох мовах – [b], [p], [v], [m] та інші.
Специфіка англійської орфографії
У сучасній англійській мові існують значні розбіжності між звуковим і буквеним складом слова, адже орфографія не змінювалась протягом тривалого часу, в той час як звукова система мала суттєві зміни. Виділяють 44 звуки, 26 букв (6голосних), ось чому одна й та сама буква може в різних позиціях читатися по-різному, і навпаки, один звук може позначатися різними буквами чи буквосполученнями.
Фонетична транскрипція
Кількість звуків значно перебільшує кількість букв алфавіту. Для зображення всіх звуків розроблена міжнародна система фонетичної транскрипції – система запису звуків за допомогою символів.
У фонетичній транскрипції кожен звук відповідає певному символу. Фонетична транскрипція ґрунтується на латинському алфавіті, до якого додали декілька особливих символів. Деякі символи – це літери інших мов, наприклад, [θ] – грецька літера. Фонетична транскрипція подається у дужках [] після орфографічного позначення слова. [:] – позначає довготу голосного звука. ['] – позначення наголосу, ставиться перед наголошеним складом.
Знання символів фонетичної транскрипції забезпечує правильну вимову незнайомих слів під час роботи зі словником.
Особливості письмової передачі приголосних звуків
Англійські звуки | Букви, якими передаються |
[g] | g, gg |
[k] | k, ck, c, cc |
[S] | sh, (суфікси ssure, ssion,ion,si, ci, ti+голосний в середині слова) |
[tS] | ch, tch, cуфікс tur(e) |
[3] | ci, si+ голосний або суфікс ure |
[s] | s, c, ss |
[z] | z, s |
[d3] | J, g, dg |
[η] | ng, n перед k |
[ð], [θ] | th |
Nouns
countable book, teacher, boy, school, class, student. | non – countable milk, grass, sand, news, food, information, economics, physics, air, money, homework, love. |
a, the, some, any | the, some, any | |
this, that, these, those | this, that | |
none, one, two, three … | none | |
many a lot of (a) few | much a lot of (a) little |
Утворення множини іменників ( the Plural)
+ S | + ES | Якщо закінчується на | ||||
В основ них випад ках: a flower– flowersa book - books | Якщо закінчується на букво сполучення–s, –ss, -ch, -sh, -x: a fox – foxes, a dress - dresses | Y | O | F | FE | |
Передує приголос ний Y→ I + ES: a country–сountries, a party - parties | Передує голосний + S: a boy – boys, a day - days | + ES a hero – heroes, a potato potatoes | F → V +ES: a leaf - leaves | F→ V + S: a wife– wives, a knife- knives | ||
У складних іменниках форму множини має головне за значенням слово: hotel-keeper – hotel-keepers.
Деякі іменники вживаються лише у формі однини або лише у множині:
Singular Plural
advice scissors
information trousers
progress spectacles
knowledge tights
money jeans
hair pyjamas
Exercise
1. Make them possesive.
1. (the camera/Ann) | Ann’s camera |
2. (the birthday/your sister) | …………….. |
3. (the house/my friend) | …………….. |
4. (the room/my friend) | …………….. |
5. (the brother/Robert) | …………….. |
6. (the nephew/Philip) | …………….. |
7. (the job/my brother) | …………….. |
8. (the question/teacher) | …………….. |
9. (the dictionary/students) | …………….. |
10. (the friend/Kate) | …………….. |
The Article (Артикль)
В англійській мові перед іменниками вживається особливе службове слово – артикль: означений the і неозначений a (an).
The Adjective (Прикметник)
В англійській мові прикметники не змінюються ні за родами, ні за числами, ні за відмінками: а red rose – red roses; a young man – young men; usefull; helpless; formal; eatable; unhappy; indifferent; dark-blue. Вони змінюються лише за ступенями порівняння.
Consolidation
Discuss the proverbs
As the mother, so is the daughter. Яка мати, така й дочка.
A child may have too much of his mother’s blessing. Занадто ніжна мати псує дитину.
Discuss the proverbs
Dry bread at home is better than the honey of others. Ліпша своя солома, ніж чужа перина.
There is no place like home. Де рідний край, там і рай.
Home is where the heart is. Твій дім там, де твоє серце.
VISIT THE CROWN JEWELS
Ancient City and St. Paul’s Cathedral. This is the oldest part of London and houses most of our financial and legal institutions. You will see buildings like the Stock Exchange and the Bank of England, to name but a few, before we arrive at St. Paul’s Cathedral. It was designed by Sir Christopher Wren between 1675 and 1710 and is not only the final resting place of famous soldiers, statesmen, painters and poets, but also the scene of many famous weddings - most remarkable that of Prince Charles and Lady Diana.
Tower of London- has for over 900 years guarded London from the Thames and has served as a fortress, a royal palace, a prison, a museum and a place of execution. The atmosphere in this incredible, historic monument is filled with tragic memories of the past. During our visit you will be impressed by unique Crown Jewels, and also see our traditional Beefeaters.
THE BEST LONDON MUSEUMS
A. Victoria and Albert Museum.
It’s an outstanding museum, displaying applied arts of all disciplines, all periods, all nationalities, and all tastes. This is always referred to as V & A. Prince Albert, was responsible for the foundation of this permanent version of the 1851 Great Exhibition. See it and you will never forget it.
B. The Tate Gallery.
It was given to the nation by a rich sugar merchant, Sir Henry Tate, who had a taste for the fine arts. It overlooks the Thames, not far from the Houses or Parliament. English artists are naturally well represented here, and the gallery also has a lot of modern works, including some sculptures by foreign artists.
C. The National Gallery.
It is situated on the north side of Trafalgar Square and contains Britain’s best known collection of 2,200 pictures. The collection
was begun in 1824, with the purchase of thirty eight pictures. The gallery is rich in paintings by Italian masters, it contains pictures representative of all European schools of art, and of course, the best English tradition, including Turner, Hogarth, Gainsborough, Stubbs and Constable. Admission to the gallery is free, as is the case with other British national museums and galleries.
D. The British Museum.
This is the world famous museum. Allow plenty of time here. There are 4 kilometres of the space inside, split into nearly 100 galleries of treasures from everywhere in the world, some as old as humankind itself. This unique collection, in brief, represents the progress of civilisation. You’ll find here such rarities as Rosetta Stone, carved in 196 BC., the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the famous Magna Carta, the Egiptian Mummies and a lot more unique exhibits.
E. The National Portrait Gallery.
The collection which is arranged chronologically begins on the top floor (Level 5) with the Tudors. Each room has been given a particular historical theme. The gallery was founded in 1856 to collect the portraits of famous British men and women. The visitor can see portraits of British monarchs since the reign of Richard II (1377-1399), and of historical celebrities who created (and are still creating) the history and the culture of the nation.
F. Madam Tussaud’s.
This is one of London’s busiest sights. Numerous visitors to the museum can see life-size wax figures of famous people: politicians, actors, athletes and Royalty. They can also see criminals and murderers in the Chamber of Horrors. The admission fee to this museum is the highest in London.
G. The Wallace Collection.
This collection was formed by Lord Hertford and his half-brother, Sir Richard Wallace. There is here a very fine display of weapons and armour, sculptures and paintings, pottery and miniatures.
TAXIS
The big black taxicabs are as much part of London as the red double-decker buses, yet many have been replaced by new models. Hotels and main tourist areas have taxi stands (just take the first in the line). You can also hail a taxi from the roadside.
If the yellow ‘TAXI’ sign on the top is lit, then the taxi is free to pick up passengers.
Many taxi drivers often drive at night with their ‘FOR HIRE’ signs unlit; this gives them a possibility to choose their passengers and avoid those they think might cause trouble. If you see an unlit cab with no passengers, hail it: you might be lucky.
FARES
The fare is recorded on a meter which the driver sets at the beginning of the journey. Fares start at £1 for the first 582 yards and increase by units of 20p per 291 yards or 60 seconds. Fares are usually higher at night, on Sundays and public holidays.
Read the beginning of the sentence and find its end in the text.
1. Christopher Columbus was sure that...
2.They gathered around sailors and ...
3.King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were led to believe that ...
4. Christopher Columbus was born ...
5. Twice more Columbus tried ...
6. Columbus was a great explorer and many places...
7. When they landed they saw ...
Find in the text the historical event corresponding to the date.
1. 1493
2. 1451
3. 1492
4. 1502-1504
CURIOUS PROBLEMS and PUZZLES
Divide the Camels
Many years ago an Egyptian died and left 17 camels to his three sons. He left half of the camels to his eldest son, the second son was left a third of the camels and the youngest son was left one ninth of the camels.
The sons couldn't divide the camels without cutting up one of them. So they went to a judge for advice. The judge listened to the problem, thought a little and then announced the solution.
What was the solution?
Young for Her Age
My friend told that his grandmother is younger than his mother. Can this be
true?
The Cutting Room Floor
A film maker wants to cut a reel of film into individual pictures. These are 50 pictures on the reel and it takes him two seconds to cut off each picture. How long does it take him to separate all the pictures?
The Absent-Minded Scientist
Many stories are told about Newton's absent-mindedness. Here is one of them.
One day Newton was thinking about his work. His servant entered his study. She brought an egg which she wanted to boil on a lamp in his presence, so as to be sure of its being just right. Newton, who wanted to be left alone, told her he would boil the egg himself. The servant put the egg on the table beside Newton's watch and asked Newton not to leave the egg in the boiling water more than two minutes and a half. Imagine her astonishment when on her return she found Newton standing in front of the lamp looking attentively at the egg which he held in his hand, while the watch was being boiled in the little kettle over the lamp..
What His Life Was Worth
Robert Burns, the great Scotch poet, loved the common people and wrote about them. One day when Burns took a walk near the docks, he heard a cry for help. He ran towards the water. Just then a sailor jumped off a boat that stood near the dock, and began to swim towards the man who was calling for help.
The man who was saved from drowning was a rich merchant. When he recovered, he thanked the brave sailor and gave him a shilling.
By this time a large crowd of people gathered around them. They called the sailor a hero and protested loudly when the rich man gave him only a shilling.
But Burns stopped them and said: "Let him alone.-The gentleman is, of course, the best judge of what his life is worth."
ENGLISH HUMOUR
A Barking Dog Does Not Bite
"Sam," says his father, "put on your cap and coat and let us go for a walk".
Sam is happy. He likes to go out with his father. He puts on his cap and coat and says: "Father, I'm ready." Sam and his father go out into the street. Suddenly they see a big black dog. The dog begins to bark. Sam is afraid of the dog. He wants to run home. His father says: "Don't be afraid, Sam. Don't you know the proverb: "A barking dog does not bite?"
"Oh, yes," says Sam, "I know the proverb, you know the proverb, but does the dog know the proverb?"
It Only Made Matter Worse
A husband said to his friend; "My wife doesn't allow me to sleep. She is afraid of thieves, she wakes me up if she hears the slightest noise, and makes me got up to see if there are burglars in the house."
"You can easily get over the difficulty. Just explain to your wife that thieves don't make any noise; they work quietly and don't disturb anybody."
"I've already done that, old man, but it only made matters worse. Now she gets up several times every night because she hears nothing."
The Spoon
One day a young merry Irishman came to a little restaurant in London, sat down at a table and ordered dinner. Soon the waiter brought him a plate of soup and put it on the table in front of him. The Irishman looked at the soup and said: "1 can't eat the soup."
The waiter didn't say a word; he took the plate and went out. Some minutes passed, and he came with another plate of soup and put it on the table before the Irishman. The Irishman looked at the soup and said again: "I can't eat the soup."
The waiter did not know what to do and called the manager of the restaurant. The manager came up to the Irishman and asked him: "What's the matter, sir? Why can't you eat the soup?"
"Oh, said the Irishman. I can't eat it because I have no spoon."
A Good Lesson
A trembling class looked at the inspector as he poured out questions. But the boys were not to be caught, and the replies came back very well until he asked one boy whether he would prefer one sixth or one seventh of a lemon.
"I would prefer one seventh, sir," answered the boy. "One seventh?" said the inspector, and began to explain that, though that fraction sounded larger, it was really the smaller of the two.
"I knew that, sir," said the pupil. "That's why I chose it, I don't like lemons."
.
Both Mistaken
Once, in a train, a well-dressed man missed his silk handkerchief and accused a passenger of stealing it. After some confusion the man found the handkerchief in his pocked and apologized for having accused the passenger.
"Never mind," said the latter, "You thought I was a thief and I thought you were a gentleman, and we were both mistaken."
The King and the Critic
A king was in the habit of writing verses, which he thought were very good. Since he was a king, the people to whom he showed them did not want to criticize him but praised them to the skies. One day, however, he showed some of them to a philosopher, who found many faults with them. This made the king so angry that he sent the philosopher to prison. After some time, however, the king pardoned him, and, when he returned, invited him to dinner. Again he showed some of his verses to the philosopher and again asked what he thought of them. The philosopher turned to the guards who were standing near him and said, "Take me back to prison."
Hospitality
The good wife apologized to her unexpected guest for serving the apple-pie without cheese. The little boy of the family left the room quietly for a moment, and returned with a piece of cheese, which he laid on the guest's plate. The visitor smiled, put the cheese into his mouth and then remarked: "You must have better eyes than your mother, sonny. Where did you find it?"
The boy replied, "In the rat-trap."
Wet Paint
It is a dark night. A man is riding a bicycle with no lamp. He comes to a crossroad. He stops because he doesn't know which way to turn. A tall pole stands near the road with a piece of paper on it. But it is very dark and the paper is too high — he cannot read it. He takes out his box of matches and climbs up the pole. There he lights a match and then reads the following words on the paper: "Wet paint."
A Polite Thief
A man went into the country one Sunday for a walk. He carried his overcoat on his arm, but finding it burdensome he hung it on a fence. Taking a card from his pocket he wrote — "Do not touch this coat, infected
with smallpox.1"
He came back two hours later and found the card only, upon which was written, underneath his warning — "Thanks for the coat, I've had the smallpox."
NUMBER TRICKS
Take a Number
Suggest that any person or group should select a number. This number is not to be told to the leader. He tries to find out what the number is. Suppose the number is 23.-—
Number selected................... 23
Double it.............................. 46
Add 1..................................... 47
Multiply by 5...................... 235
Add 5.................................. 240
Multiply by 10................. 2,400
The leader now subtracts 100 from the result without saying anything. Thus 100 from 2,400 is 2,300. Strike off last two digits and announce that the number is 23.
Your Pocket Change
Think of a number (your age, for example). Double it. Add five. Multiply by 50. Add the change (less than a gryvnia) that you have in your pocket. Subtract the number of days in a year — 365. Add 115.
The number will be the first two digits. The amount of change will be indicated by the last two digits. - Thus:
2 times the person's age........ 30
Add 5.................................... 35
Multiply by 50.................. 1,750
Add the 21 copecks in the pocket ... 1,771
Subtract 365 days in the year 1,406
Add 115............................ 1,521
You announce that the age is 15 and the amount of change in the pocket is 21 copecks.
Age and Month of Birth
Write down the number of the month of birth. Then go through the following:
Number of month of birth (April) 4
Double it................................ 8
Add 5.................................... 13
Multiply by 50.................... 650
Add your age (16)............... 666
Subtract 365 ...................... 301
The leader calls for the result. Then he secretly adds 115, making the total 416. He immediately announces April as the month of birth and 16 as the age. The first one or two digits indicate the month and the last two indicate the age.
Magic Addition
Here is a trick to play on your friend. Ask someone to write down in a line all the figures from one to nine, but leaving out the figure 8, like this: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9.
Then say that this is a test of good writing and ask which figure is written badly.
Suppose the answer is the figure 2. Then tell your friend to multiply the whole line by 18, like this:
1 2345679
_______ _
98765432 12345679
222222222
As you see, the answer is all twos.
Then tell your friends that he has a lot of practice in writing the figure 2 and ought to be able to write it nicely.
The secret is privately to multiply whatever number is given by 9. In the example given, 2x9 = 18.
Suppose the number given is 5, then your friend will have to multiply the line by 45, and the answer will be all fives.
POEMS
George Gordon Byron
(1788-1824) My Native Land — Good Night
(An extract from "Child Harold's Pilgrimage")
"Adieu! adieu! my native shore
Fades o'er the waters blue;
The Night-winds sigh, the breakers roar,
And shrieks the wild sea-mew.
Yon Sun that sets upon the sea
We follow in his flight;
Farewell awhile to him and thee,
My native Land — Good Night!
"A few short hours, and he will rise
To give the morrow birth;
And I shall hail the main and skies
But not my mother earth.
Deserted is my own good hall,
Its hearth is desolate;
Wild weeds are gathering on the wall;
My dog howls at the gate.
Thomas Hood
(1799-1845)
To a Falser Friend
Our hands have met, but not our hearts;
Our hands will never meet again.
Friends, if we have ever been,
Friends we cannot now remain:
I only know I loved you once,
I only know I loved in vain.
Our hands have met, but not our hearts;
Our hands will never meet again.
SONGS
THE BEATLES
Scorpions
BRITNEY SPEARS
– Конец работы –
Используемые теги: Навчальний, посібник, англійської, мови, студентів, курсу0.093
Если Вам нужно дополнительный материал на эту тему, или Вы не нашли то, что искали, рекомендуем воспользоваться поиском по нашей базе работ: Навчальний посібник з англійської мови для студентів І курсу
Если этот материал оказался полезным для Вас, Вы можете сохранить его на свою страничку в социальных сетях:
Твитнуть |
Новости и инфо для студентов