×òåíèå óäàðíûõ ãëàñíûõ:
1) Åñëè ãëàñíûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â îòêðûòîì ñëîãå, ò.å. â ñëîãå, êîòîðûé îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà ãëàñíóþ (go, student, he), èëè â óñëîâíî îòêðûòîì ñëîãå, ò.å. â ïîëîæåíèè, êîãäà ïîñëå óäàðíîé ãëàñíîé ñëåäóåò îäíà ñîãëàñíàÿ (êðîìå "r") + íåìàÿ "e" (èëè ëþáàÿ äðóãàÿ ãëàñíàÿ) (note, pole, potato), òî îíè ÷èòàþòñÿ òàê, êàê íàçûâàþòñÿ â àëôàâèòå.
a [eI] - date [deIt]
o [ou] - go [gou]
e [i:] - she [Si:]
u [ju:] - student ['stju:dqnt]
i [aI] - five [faIv]
y [aI] - type [taIp]
2) Åñëè ãëàñíûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå, ò.å. â ñëîãå, îêàí÷èâàþùåìñÿ íà îäíó ñîãëàñíóþ (êðîìå "r") èëè íà íåñêîëüêî ñîãëàñíûõ, òî îíè ïåðåäàþò êðàòêèå çâóêè:
a [x] - bag [bxg]
o [O] - got [gOt]
e [e] - shelf [Self]
u [A] - stuff [stAf]
i [I] - filter ['fIltq]
y [I] - myth [mIθ]
3) Åñëè ïîñëå ãëàñíûõ ñëåäóåò áóêâà "r" èë "r" +ñîãëàñíàÿ, òî îíè ïåðåäàþò äîëãèå çâóêè:
a+r [R]- car [kR]
o+r [O:] - north [nO:θ]
e+r [q:] - her [hq:]
u+r [q:] - purple ['pq:pl]
i+r [q:] - first [fq:st]
y+r [q:] - myrtle ['mq:tl]
4) Åñëè ïîñëå ãëàñíûõ ñëåäóåò "re" èëè "r"+ ëþáàÿ ãëàñíàÿ, òî îíè ÷èòàþòñÿ êàê äèôòîíãè èëè òðèôòîíãè:
a+re [εq] - care [kεq]
o+re [O:] - more [mO:]
e+re [Iq] - here [hIq]
u+re [juq] - pure [pjuq]
i+re [aIq] - fire [faIq]
y+re [aIq] - tyre [taIq]
×òåíèå áåçóäàðíûõ ãëàñíûõ:
 áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè ãëàñíûå áóêâû “e”, “i”, “y” îáû÷íî ïåðåäàþò çâóê [I], åñëè ïîñëå íèõ íå ñëåäóåò ñîãëàñíàÿ áóêâà “r”:
prefer [prI'fq:]
divide [dI'vaId]
ferocity [fq'rOsItI]
Ãëàñíûå â áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè, ñòîÿùèå ïåðåä “r” (÷àùå âñåãî â êîíöå ñëîâ), ïåðåäàþò çâóê [q]:
doctor ['dOktq]
player ['pleIq]
martyr ['mRtq]
Ãëàñíûå “a”, “o”, “u” â áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè, à òàêæå â ñóôôèêñàõ è ïðåôèêñàõ ïåðåäàþò çâóê [q]:
paradox ['pxrqdOks]
economy [i:'kOnqmI]
glorious ['glO:rIqs]
Áóêâà “i” â áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè ïåðåä ãëàñíîé ïåðåäàåò çâóê [j]:
union ['ju:njqn]
immediate [I'mi:djqt]
×òåíèå óäàðíûõ ãëàñíûõ â ÷åòûðåõ ïîëîæåíèÿõ
Á* - áóêâà
Í* - íàçâàíèå áóêâû
I - 1-å ïîëîæåíèå (îòêðûòûé ñëîã)
II - 2-å ïîëîæåíèå (çàêðûòûé ñëîã)
III - 3-å ïîëîæåíèå (îêàí÷. íà r /r+ñîãë.)
IV - 4-å ïîëîæåíèå (îêàí÷. íà re /r+ãëàñíàÿ)
Á* | Í* | I | II | III | IV | ||||
a | [eI] | [eI] | date [deIt] | [x] | bag [bxg] | [R] | car [kR] | [eq] | care [keq] |
o | [ou] | [ou] | go [gou] | [O] | got [gOt] | [O:] | mortal ['mO:tl] | [O:] | more [mO:] |
e | [i:] | [i:] | she [Si:] | [e] | shelf [Self] | [q:] | her [hq:] | [Iq] | here [hIq] |
u | [ju:] | [ju:] | student ['stju:dqnt] | [A] | stuff [stAf] | [q:] | purple ['pq:pl] | [juq] | pure [pjuq] |
i | [aI] | [aI] | five [faIv] | [I] | filter ['fIltq] | [q:] | first [fq:st] | [aIq] | fire [faIq] |
y* | [waI] | [aI] | type | [I] | myth [mIq] | [q:] | myrtle [m q:tl] | [aIq] | tyre [taIq] |
*Áóêâà “y” ÷èòàåòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è áóêâà “i”, åñëè îíà íå ñòîèò â íà÷àëå ñëîâà.
×òåíèå ñî÷åòàíèé ãëàñíûõ
ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈß | ÇÂÓÊÈ | ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß | ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ |
ai, ay ei, ey | [eI] | ïîä óäàðåíèåì | aim [eIm] delay [di'leI] feint [feInt] grey [greI] |
ai, ay ei, ey | [I] | â áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè | Sunday ['sAndI] fountain ['fauntIn] money ['mAnI] |
ai | [eq] | ïåðåä “r” | air [eq] affairs [q'feqz] |
ae | [i:] | aegis ['i:dZIs] | |
au | [O:] | author ['O:qq] autumn ['O:tqm] | |
ea, ee | [i:] | åñëè íå ñòîèò ïåðåä “r” | meal [mi:l] feel [fi:l] |
ea, ee | [Iq] | ïîñëå “r” èëè ïîñëå “r”+ãëàñíàÿ | dear ['dIq] deer ['dIq] |
ea | [e] [eI] [q:] | ïåðåä “th”, “d” ïåðåä “k”, “t” ïåðåä “r”+ñîãëàñíàÿ | weather ['weðq] bread [bred] break [breIk] great [greIt] earth [q:q] earn [q:n] |
eu | [ju] [juq] | ïåðåä “r” | euphony ['ju:fqnI] Europe ['juqrqp] |
ie | [i:] | çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ñëîâà “friend” [frend] | grieve [gri:v] field [fi:ld] |
oa | [ou] [O:] | ïåðåä “r” | boat [bout] coal [koul] board [bO:d] |
oi, oy | [OI] | enjoy [In'dZOI] exploit [Iks'plOIt] | |
oo | [u:] [u] [uq] | åñëè íå ñòîèò ïåðåä “r”, “k” ïåðåä “k” ïåðåä “r” | noon [nu:n] tool [tu:l] book [buk] look [luk] poor [puq] |
ou | [au] [O:] [auq] | â ñåðåäèíå ñëîâà ïåðåä “r” ïåðåä “r” | ground ['graund] four [fO:] hour ['auq] |
×òåíèå íåêîòîðûõ ãëàñíûõ ïåðåä ñî÷åòàíèÿìè ñîãëàñíûõ
1. Áóêâà “a” ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê:
[O:] ïåðåä ñî÷åòàíèåì “l”+ ñîãëàñíàÿ
(ïåðåä “k”+ ñîãëàñíàÿ “l” íå ÷èòàåòñÿ)
salt [sO:lt]
wall [wO:l]
chalk [CO:k]
[R] ïåðåä “f”, “n”, “s”, “t”+ ñîãëàñíàÿ
staff [stRf]
dance [dRns]
past [pRst]
path [pRq]
[R] ïåðåä ñî÷åòàíèÿìè “lm”, “lf”.  ýòèõ ñî÷åòàíèÿõ ñîãëàñíàÿ “l” íå ÷èòàåòñÿ.
half [hRf]
2. Áóêâà “i” ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê [aI] ïåðåä ñî÷åòàíèÿìè “ld’, “nd’:
mild [maIld]
kind [kaInd]
3. Áóêâà “o” ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê:
[ou] ïåðåä ñî÷åòàíèÿìè “ld”, “lt”, “st”:
old [ould]
bolt [boult]
post [poust]
[A] ïåðåä “m”, “n”, “th”, “v”:
come [cAm]
month [mAnq]
another [q'nAðq]
glove [glAv]
[ou] â êîíöå ñëîâà:
potato [pq'teItou]
hero ['hIqrou]
4. Ñî÷åòàíèÿ “ough”, “augh” ÷èòàþòñÿ êàê [O:]:
thought [qO:t]
daughter ['dO:tq]
5. Ñî÷åòàíèå “igh” ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê [aI]
high [haI]
fight [faIt]
×òåíèå ñî÷åòàíèé ãëàñíûõ ñ ñîãëàñíîé
ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈß | ÇÂÓÊÈ | ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß | ÏÐÈÌÅÐÛ |
aw | [O:] | paw [pO:] law [lO:] | |
ew | [ju:] [u:] | ïîñëå “r”, “l”,”ch”, “j” | new [nju:] few [fju:] chew [Cu:] jewel ['dZu:ql] |
ow | [au] [ou] | ÷àùå âñåãî â ñåðåäèíå ñëîâà â êîíöå ñëîâà è â áåçóäàðíîì ïîëîæåíèè | flower ['flauq] brown [braun] show [Sou] window ['wIndou] |
qu | [kw] | quick [kwIk] quite [kwaIt] | |
qua | [kwO] [kwO:] | ïåðåä “r” | quantity ['kwOntItI] quarter ['kwO:tq] |
wa | [wO] [wO:] | â çàêðûòîì ñëîãå ïåðåä “r”, “l” | what [wOt] want [wOnt] war [wO:] walk [wO:k] |
wo | [wq:] | Ïåðåä “r” | world [wq:ld] worthy ['wq:ðI] |
Ïðàâèëà ÷òåíèÿ ñîãëàñíûõ áóêâ è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèé
Ñîãëàñíûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìåþò ðÿä îñîáåííîñòåé:
- Êîíå÷íûå çâîíêèå ñîãëàñíûå íå îãëóøàþòñÿ:
read [ri:d]
tube [tju:b]
otherwise ['AðqwaIz]
- Óäâîåííûå ñîãëàñíûå ÷èòàþòñÿ êàê îäèí çâóê:
better ['betq]
irradiance [I'reIdjqns]
puddle ['pAdl]
×òåíèå íåêîòîðûõ ñîãëàñíûõ áóêâ è áóêâîñî÷åòàíèé
çâóêè | ïðèìå÷àíèÿ | ïðèìåðû | |
Cc | [s] [k] | ïåðåä “e”, “i”, “y” ïåðåä “a”, “o”, “u” | center ['sentq] cinema ['sInImq] cylinder ['sIlIndq] code [koud] cater ['keItq] cure ['kjuq] |
Gg | [dZ] [g] [Z] | ïåðåä “e”, “i”, “y” â ñëîâàõ, çàèìñòâîâàííûõ èç ôðàíöóçñêîãî ÿçûêà | gerund ['dZerqnd] gist [dZIst] gym [dZIm] garden ['gRdn] green [gri: n] garage ['gærRZ] |
Ss | [s] [z] [Z] | ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãëàñíûìè ïîñëå çâîíêèõ ñîãëàñíûõ â ñóôôèêñå-ism ïåðåä -ure | size [saIz] strong [strOŋ] wise [waIz] pose [pouz] pencils ['pensIlz] reads [ri:dz] socialism ['souSqlIzm] pleasure ['pleZq] |
Xx | [ks] [gz] [z] | ïåðåä ñîãëàñíûìè è â êîíöå ñëîâà ìåæäó äâóìÿ ãëàñíûìè â íà÷àëå ñëîâ ïåðåä ãëàñíîé | excuse [Iks'kju:z] box [bOks] example [Ig'zRmpl] exam [Ig'zxm] xenon ['zenOn] |
Ck | [k] | clock [klOk] pack [pxk] | |
Ch, tch | [C] [k] | â ñëîâàõ ãðå÷åñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ | check [Cek] ditch [dIC] chemistry ['kemIstrI] |
sh | [S] | short [SO:t] shine [SaIn] | |
th | [q] [ð] | â ãëàãîëàõ è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â àðòèêëÿõ è ìåñòîèìåíèÿõ | thread [qred] that [ðxt] |
ng | [ŋ] [ŋg] | â ñåðåäèíå ñëîâà | sing [sIŋ] language ['lxŋgwIdZ] |
nk | [ŋk] | bank [bxŋk] think [qIŋk] | |
gh | [f] [-] | íå ÷èòàåòñÿ â êîíöå ñëîâà è ïåðåä “t” | cough [kOf] enough [I'nAf] high [haI] fight [faIt] |
wh | [w] [h] | åñëè íå ñòîèò ïåðåä “o” ïåðåä “o” | whet [wet] white [waIt] whose [hu:z] whole [houl] |
ph | [f] | philosophy [fI'lOsqfI] |
Íåìûå ñîãëàñíûå áóêâû
1.Áóêâû “g”, “k” íå ÷èòàþòñÿ ïåðåä “n” â íà÷àëå è â êîíöå ñëîâà:
gnat [nxt] foreign ['fOrIn]
knee [ni:] campaign [kxm'peIn]
2.Áóêâû “b”, “n” íå ÷èòàþòñÿ ïîñëå “m” â êîíöå ñëîâà:
bomb [bom] autumn ['O:tqm]
thumb [qAm] column ['kOlqm]
3.Áóêâà “p” íå ÷èòàåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèÿõ “pn”, “ps”:
pneumatic [nju:'mxtik]
psychology [saI'kOlqdZI]
4.Áóêâà “w” íå ÷èòàåòñÿ ïåðåä “r”
wrap [rxp]
wrong [rOŋ]
II. ÑËÎÂÎÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ
Ñóôôèêñû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ -er/or, -ment,- -ence/-ance, -ing, -ness, -tion/-ation, -ist, -ty, -ture.
Ïðîèçâîäíûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ñóôôèêñîâ ê êîðíåâîìó ñëîâó:
Ãëàãîë + -er/or = ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ëèöî èëè ìåõàíèçì, ïðîèçâîäÿùèå äåéñòâèå:
to drive – driver,
to operatå – operator,
to do – doer.
Ãëàãîë + -ence, -ance, ation, -tion, -ment, -ing, -ture = ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå oòâëå÷åííîå.
to move – movement (äâèæåíèå),
to transform – transformation (ïðåîáðàçîâàíèå),
to differ – difference (ðàçëè÷èå),
to perform – performance (èñïîëíåíèå),
to be – being (ñóùåñòâîâàíèå),
to mix – mixture (ñìåøèâàòü - ìèêñòóðà, ñìåñü).
Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå + -ness = ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îòâëå÷åííîå:
happy – happiness (ñ÷àñòëèâûé - ñ÷àñòüå),
safe – safety (áåçîïàñíûé - áåçîïàñíîñòü).
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå + -ist = ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ê ïîëèòè÷åñêîìó èëè íàó÷íîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ, íàöèîíàëüíîñòü, ïðîôåññèþ:
commune – communist (êîììóíà) (êîììóíèñò),
geology – geologist (ãåîëîãèÿ - ãåîëîã),
Ñóôôèêñû ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ -ous, -able/-ible, -ful, -al, -ive, -ic(al), -less:
ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå + -ous = ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå:
danger – dangerous (îïàñíîñòü - îïàñíûé),
care + -ful = careful (çàáîòà - çàáîòëèâûé),
care + -less = careless (áåççàáîòíûé).
atom + -ic = atomic
electron + -ical = electronical (ýëåêòðîí - ýëåêòðîííûé).
Ãëàãîë + -able/ible = ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå:
to rely + -able = reliable (ïîëàãàòüñÿ íà - íàäåæíûé),
to convert + -ible = convertible (ïðåâðàùàòü - îáðàòèìûé),
to act + -ive = active.
Aôôèêñû ãëàãîëîâ -ate, -ize, -(i)fy:
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå + ñóôôèêñû -ate èëè -ize = ãëàãîë (èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå):
loc(al) + -ate = locate (ìåñòíûé - ðàçìåùàòü),
special + -ize = specialize (ñïåöèàëüíûé - ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàòü).
cîde + -ify = codify (êîä - êîäèðîâàòü).
Ïðèñòàâêà «re» îáîçíà÷àåò ïîâòîðíîå ñîâåðøåíèå äåéñòâèÿ:
to organize - to reorganize, to read – to reread.
Ñóôôèêñ íàðå÷èé –ly:
ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå + -ly = íàðå÷èå:
ñomplete + -ly = completely (ïîëíûé - ïîëíîñòüþ),
Participle I + -ly = íàðå÷èå:
increasing + -ly = increasingly (âîçðàñòàþùèé - âî âñå áîëåå âîçðàñòàþùèõ ðàçìåðàõ),
Participle II + -ly = íàðå÷èå:
repeated + -ly = repeatedly (ïîâòîðíûé - ïîâòîðíî),
÷èñëèòåëüíîå + -ly = íàðå÷èå:
first + -ly = firstly (ïåðâûé - âî-ïåðâûõ),
cóùåñòâèòåëüíîå + -ly = íàðå÷èå:
ðart + -ly = partly (÷àñòü - ÷àñòè÷íî).
Ïðåôèêñû îòðèöàíèÿ dis, un-, in, im, ir:
Ïðåôèêñû «dis», «in», «im», «ir», «un» ïðèáàâëÿþòñÿ ê îñíîâå ñëîâà è óêàçûâàþò íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûå ñâîéñòâà, âûðàæàþò îòðèöàíèå êà÷åñòâà, äåéñòâèÿ:
advantage – disadvantage (ïðåèìóùåñòâî - íåäîñòàòîê),
interested – disinterested (çàèíòåðåñîâàííûé - íåçàèíòåðåñîâàííûé),
to cover - to discover (ïîêðûâàòü - îòêðûâàòü),
accuracy-inaccuracy (òî÷íîñòü - íåòî÷íîñòü),
definitely – indefinitely (îïðåäåëåííî - (íåîïðåäåëåííî),
freguent – infreguent (÷àñòíûé - ðåäêèé),
possible – impossible (âîçìîæíûé - íåâîçìîæíûé),
necessary – unnecessary (íåîáõîäèìûé - íåíóæíûé),
relevant – irrelevant (óìåñòíûé - íåóìåñòíûé),
to load - to unload (ãðóçèòü - ðàçãðóæàòü).
Êîíâåðñèÿ êàê ñïîñîá ñëîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿ.
Oò ñóùåñòâóþùåãî ñëîâà áåç èçìåíåíèÿ åãî çâóêîâîé èëè ãðàôè÷åñêîé ôîðìû îáðàçóåòñÿ íîâîå ñëîâî, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê äðóãîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è:
à cut - to cut,
a problem - problem (ïðîáëåìà - ïðîáëåìíûé)
a result - to result (ðåçóëüòàò –èìåòü ðåçóëüòàòîì).
Ãëàãîëû ñ ïîñëåëîãàìè.
 ñëîâàðå ñíà÷àëà íóæíî èñêàòü îñíîâíîé ãëàãîë, à çàòåì íèæå åãî çíà÷åíèå ñ ïîñëåëîãîì:
to go (õîäèòü) - to go on (ïðîäîëæàòü) - to go in for (çàíèìàòüñÿ).
Task 1. Define a part of speech of the words given below according to their affixes and translate them into Russian:
a) useless, to knife, assistant, independent, completely, disconnect, available, transformation, difference, harmonize, freedom, insufficient, operator, movement, leadership, electrical, powerful, discontinue, inaccuracy, obtainable, safety, quickly, activity, entirely, misfortune, teacher, whitish, unload, spacious, disapprove, socialism, widen, indefinitely, applicable, darken, carelessness, pressure, construction, disappear, really, increasing, decompose, industrial, simplify, unnatural, performance, memorize, eventful, molecular, unusual, investment, active, to dust, dangerous, freedom, convertible, locality,
b) poetic, accordance, independent, soluble, brightness, unnecessary, reuse, foundation, partly, national, useful, atomic, advisable, happiness, achievement, tighten, artist, elementary, uneven, doubtful, inefficient, accelerate, courageous, locate, comparable, put down, unpleasant, frequency, peaceful, joyless, helper, appearance, magic, repeatedly, strengthen, travelling, creative, dishonor, widely, shopping, dictatorship, pollution, to look through, attachment, badly, beauty, constancy, reliable, pleasant, bluish, eventless, workable, electrify, accumulation.
Task 2. Translate the following words into Russian:
to act – actual, acting, action, actor, actively, activity, activated, actualize, actuality, actually, actualization;
to react – reacting, reaction, reactionary, reactance, reactive, reactor, reactivity;
long – along, alongside;
a friend - friendful, friendship, friendless, friendly;
equal - unequally, equality, equalize, to equal;
kind - kindly, kindness, unkind;
short - shorten, shortage, shortly, shorts;
to eat – eatable, uneatable, eater, eating;
to equip - reequip, equipment, equipped;
critic - to criticize, criticism, critical.