ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ

1.Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðîñòûõ ôàêòîâ è îáùåèçâåñòíûõ èñòèí, à òàêæå â ïîñëîâèöàõ è ïîãîâîðêàõ.  ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òàêîãî òèïà íå ïðîèñõîäèò ñîãëàñîâàíèå âðåìåí.

Water boils at 100 degrees C.

The Earth goes round the Sun.

The Dniper flows into the Black Sea.

The early bird catches the worm.

The teacher said that water freezes at zero degrees.

Coffee beans grow well in Brazil.

2.Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïîâñåäíåâíûõ, ïîâòîðÿþùèõñÿ äåéñòâèé, ïðèâû÷åê, îáû÷àåâ.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå òàêæå âîçìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàíèå íàðå÷èé, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ ÷àñòîòíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, òàêèõ, êàê:

alwaysWe always see the New Year in at home.

oftenShe often helps her mother in the kitchen.

seldomHe seldom comes late for classes.

sometimesThey only sometimes go to the country at the weekends.

neverHe never quarrels with his friends.

usuallyOurclasses usually begin at 8 o’clock.

generallyI generally prefer meat to fish.

hardly ever They hardly ever go to the cinema.

every day/every month/every year, etc.I have a cup of coffee every morning.

 

Ýòè íàðå÷èÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì, íî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to be:

 

He is always late for classes. We always come in time for the lessons.

They are never afraid of dogs. I hardly ever make mistakes in my dictations.

3.Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå ïðîèçîéäåò â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì, ÷àñòî – ïî ðàñïèñàíèþ, ñ ãëàãîëàìè, îáîçíà÷àþùèìè äâèæåíèå (to come, to go, to leave, to arrive, etc). Íà áóäóùåå îáÿçàòåëüíî äîëæíî óêàçûâàòü ëèáî íàðå÷èå, ëèáî êîíòåêñò.

 

John leaves for London next week.

The train comes tomorrow at nine.

The studying year begins in September.

My aunt arrives on Sunday morning.

4.Âìåñòî the Future Indefinite (áóäóùåãî íåîïðåäåëåííîãî) â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ, ïîñëå ñëåäóþùèõ ñîþçîâ:

ifIf I answer well, I’ll get an excellent mark.

in case In case she comes, we will leave her a book.

unless I shall not go unless the weather is fine.

when When he comes, I’ll tell him everything.

beforeCall me up before you go to your aunt.

tillYou will stay at home till your parents come back.

untilWill you wait until I come?

as soon as The lesson will begin as soon as the teacher comes into the room.

whileTake a nap while I'm out.

 

Ïðè ýòîì, êàê âèäíî èç âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íåîáõîäèìîå áóäóùåå âðåìÿ.

5.Âìåñòî the Present Continuousäëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è ñ ãëàãîëàìè, êîòîðûå â Continuous íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ (ñïèñîê òàêèõ ãëàãîëîâ ñìîòðèòå â ó÷åáíèêå È.Â.Çìèåâîé «Practical English Grammar Handbook», ñòð.24).

 

Do you understand me now? We hear you, don’t shout!

I see you very well now. Does he love her?

He likes strong tea. I have a lot of companions.

This book belongs to my father.

 

6. Èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â èíñòðóêöèÿõ, à òàêæå â âîïðîñàõ, òðåáóþùèõ â êà÷åñòâå îòâåòà èíñòðóêöèþ èëè óêàçàíèÿ.

 

– How do I get to the cinema?

– You go straight ahead, take the second turn left and see it in front of you.

I’ve pushed the “ON” button. What do I do now?

7.Ïðè îïèñàíèè ñîáûòèé, áûñòðî ñìåíÿþùèõ îäíî äðóãîå â êîììåíòàðèÿõ è ðåïîðòàæàõ (íàïðèìåð, â êîììåíòàðèÿõ ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé î ñîáñòâåííûõ äåéñòâèÿõ íà óðîêàõ, â òåëåïåðåäà÷àõ æàíðà "Óìåëûå ðóêè" è ðåïîðòàæàõ î ñïîðòèâíûõ ìàò÷àõ).

 

Titov passes to Baranov, Baranov to Robson, Robson to Bestchastnykh,

nice ball – and Bestchastnykh shoots!

 

The boys fight like tigers. Thompson gathers the ball and passes to Roger,

who makes no mistake!

8.Äëÿ îïèñàíèÿìàðøðóòîâ, òóðèñòè÷åñêèõ ïîåçäîê è ïóòåøåñòâèé, êîòîðûå ïðîèçîéäóò â áëèæàéøåì áóäóùåì.

 

Ladies and gentlemen! We come to Rome in the afternoon, go round the city and have dinner at 8 o’clock. Next morning we do the main sights and leave for London in the evening.

9. Äëÿ ïåðåäà÷è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðîøåäøèõ äåéñòâèé ãëàãîëîâ to forget, to hearè ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿto be told.

I forget your telephone number. ß çàáûë ...

We are told she is leaving soon. Íàì ñêàçàëè…

I hear you are doing well. ß ñëûøàë